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Observation & 

 Experimentation 



Historical Documents 



Geological/Paleoecologic 

 Reconstruction 



Figure 1 . Some techniques for studying geomorphic changes of coasts over various time 

 scales. Arrows indicate the approximate time span during which a particular 

 study technique can be used 



interpretations and conclusions when these are based on data covering a short 

 time period or a small area. 



Chapter 1 Introduction 



