April 6, 1912.] 



THE GARDENERS 1 CHRONICLE. 



217 



flora, I furnish a map (see fig. 95) showing its dis- 

 tribution in England so far as it is at present 

 known to me. I have seen specimens of the tree 



without description, and have therefore to be 

 rejected. 



This is the Wych Elm of the early English 

 from Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire and North- botanical writers. Later, cf. Miller \op. cit.), 



there were two Wych Elms, the Smooth-leaved 

 Wych Elm (U. nitens Moench) and the Rough- 

 leaved Wych Elm (U. campestris Linn.). Nowa- 

 days, neither of these trees is the Wych Elm, but 

 only U. glabra Huds. 



TULIPA KAUFMANNIANA. 



for not onlv is 



amptonshire, and have seen it growing in all 

 the other counties indicated. I have no doubt 

 it will be found in at least four or five additional 

 counties when these are searched. + The eastern 



The Dutch Elm (U. glabra Huds. x nitens 



Mcench— (a) x U. hollandica). 



Miller's fifth Elm is his U. hollandica. It is 

 founded on the U. major hollandica angustis et 



magis acuminatis samar 



folio latissimo scabro 



distribution of the tree in England is interesting, 

 and reminds one of that of Populus canescens, 

 P. nigra, Fagus sylvatica and Carpinus Betulus. 

 I believe the tree is widespread in Europe and 

 Western Asia. 



It will, I am sure, be readily conceded that 

 there is much confusion in the botanical names 

 of our Elms; but it is not generally known that 

 confusion has existed with regard to their com- 

 mon names also. The true English Elm is, as 

 I have already pointed out, the " very great 

 high tree " described by Goodyer ; but many 

 botanists, from Miller's time to Loudon's, and 

 even later, have given the name of " English 

 Elm " to the small-leaved Elm. Miller refers 



on several occasions to this practice which seems are mixed. The two leaves at the bottom of 



This fine species deserves to be far more 

 generally known and grown 

 it one of the mc*>t beautiful of the species 

 of Tulip, but also it is probably the earliest 

 to flower. This year, it came into bloom ex- 

 ceptionally early, for the first buds opened in 

 the last days of February, and this in an open 

 bed in a garden which is unsheltered and wind- 

 swept. The flowers lasted well, for many still 

 remained in the last week of March. Through- 

 out the month any 



g i. 



of sunlight 



waa 



Plukenet, Almagestum Botanicum, 393 (1720), 

 and is called the Dutch Elm. Xo further in- 

 formation is to be obtained from Plukenet's 

 work ; and I have been unable to find a speci- 

 men so named in his handwriting. There are 

 three specimens so named in the Sloane Herbar- 

 ium at the British Museum ; but the names are 



enough to cause the flowers to open wide and 

 display their Water Lily colouring of white, 

 with a soft yellow centre. 



My 60 or 70 flowering bulbs are the result of 

 a sowing of seed in the autumn of 1906. In 

 1910, one or two flowers were produced; last 

 year there were about a dozen; and this year 

 nearly every bulb has flowered. The new bulbs 



to have caused him some annoyance, for he never 

 fails to add some condemnatory remark, such as 

 " this is far from being a right appellation.' ' 

 We shall see later that the name M wych Elm " 

 has passed through still greater vicissitudes. 



The Wych Elm (U. glabra Huds.*.|| 



Goodyer's third Elm is named " Ulmus folio 

 latissimo scabro" (= U. latiore folio Parkin- 

 son), the " Witch Hasell or the broadest leaved 

 Elme." It is a " very high tree," " especially 



when he groweth in woods." This Elm is 

 acknowledged by all to be the Elm now commonly 



known as the Wych Elm, though its identifica- 

 tion with this tree rests on precisely the same 

 kind of evidence as the identification of Good- 

 yer's first Elm with the English Elm and his 

 second with the Small-leaved Elm; The Wych 

 Elm has most frequently been named IT. mon- 

 tana Stokes in With. Bot. Arr., ed. 2, i., 259 

 {1787); but both U. scabra Miller Gar a. Diet., 

 ed. 8, no. 2 (1768), and U. glabra Hudson Fi. 

 AngL, 96 (1762) are earlier. If we follow the 

 international rules, there is no alternative but 

 to name the Wych Elm U. glabra Huds. 



The tree is now always known as the Wych 

 Elm by British botanists ; but the early writers 

 spoke of it as the Wych Hazel. 



The Smooth-leaved Elm (U. nitens Mcench). 



Goodyer's fourth Elm is designated " Ulmus 

 "folio glabro." It has never been questioned that 

 this is the Smooth-leaved Elm, the U. glabra 

 Mill. Card. Diet., ed. 8, no. 4 (1768). How- 

 ever, the name U. glabra Mill, cannot be used, 

 because the earlier name U. glabra Huds. has to 

 used for the Wych Elm, so we have to find 

 the earliest available name. This appears to 

 be U. nitens Mcench Meth. PL, 333 (1794). 

 Mcench's description, though very brief, fits this 

 plant ; and it is the earliest name I can trace 

 with respect to which this may be said. Unfortu 

 nately, no specimen by Moench is available. I 

 have been in communication about the matter 

 with Professor L. Diels, of Marburg, where 

 Moench flourished; and Professor Diels believes 

 that Mcench's specimens have been destroyed. 

 Other earlier names have been applied by 

 certain botanists to this tree, namely, U. 

 vulgaris Pall, and U. angustifolia Moench; but 

 both these names are nomi/ia nuda, appearing 



not in Plukenet's handwriting. The specimens have a curious habit of dropping down below 



the level at which the bulbs are planted in the 

 autumn, and this accounts for the fact that it 



♦ Whilst this article was in preparation I received a 

 s Pf clmen of this Elm from the Rev. H. J. Riddellsdel, who 

 collected it in Glamorganshire in what he regards as pro- 

 bably a native station. The occurrence of this eastern 



species in Glamorganshire is most interesting, and is 

 paralleled by Mr. RiddeLsdel's previous discoveries of an 

 eastern O.chid (Liparis Loeselii) and an eastern Hair-grass 

 vweingaertnena canescens) in the same county. 



11 In the Gard. Chron. (p. 120) for Feb. 24 last, the state- 

 ment is attributed to Messrs. Henry and Backhouse that M the 

 ainerence between these two species [i.e., between the 

 v> yen Elm, U. glabra Huds., and the Smooth-leaved Elm, 



nair f n i?f Moenca l is a simple difference involving two 

 •pairs oi Mendehan factors." There is some serious error 



vol. 102, fol. 131, belong to U. glabra Huds., 

 and so does the specimen in vol. 98, fol. 168. 

 Only the specimen at the top of vol. 102, fol. 



is extremely difficult to lift the whole of one's 

 stock of this Tulip. Proof of this is to be seen 





[Photograph by R. A. Ualby. 



FlG. 96. — TULIPA KAUFMANNTANA. 



131, is the Dutch Elm. No type specimens of in my garden this year, for, in spite of all my 

 any of Miller's Elms are to be found at present. care in lifting the bulbs annually, a stray plant 

 Smith, Eng. Bot., t. 2542 (1814) saves the situa- 

 tion by founding his U. major, of which he gives 

 a description and figure, on U. hollandica Mill, 

 and U. major hollandica (&c.) Plukenet. How- 

 ever, the name U. major Smith cannot be 

 used, as, on Smith's own showing, his plant is 

 TJ. hollandica Mill. In fact, Smith not only 

 cites Miller's name, but uses several of Miller's 

 words and phrases in his account of the plant. 

 It is difficult to see the reason that Smith had 

 for not using the name U. hollandica Mill. ; but 

 this is not the only occasion on which Miller has 

 been treated in this way by Smith and even by 

 living authorities. 



Recent observations by Mr. A. Henry on Elm 

 seedlings indicate that the Dutoh Elm is a 



»fnt : ;« t i le c d ^ fferences be tweea the two species are prac ti- 



•mlly indefinite in number. * 



hybrid, though no experimental evidence is forth- 

 coming as to its parentage. The characters, of the 

 plant suggest that its parents may be the Wych 

 Elm (II. glabra Huds.) and the Smooth-leaved 

 Elm (U. nitens Moench). C. E. Moss, D.Sc. 



(To be continued.) 



or two has made its appearance in everyone of 

 the positions that the bulbs have occupied in 

 former years. A layer of leaf soil and old manure 

 placed an inch or two below the bulbs tends to 

 check the tendency of the bulbs to drop down. 



The species appears to be variable, both in 

 colour and in shape. The yellow centre seema 

 to be constant, but the outer parts of the seg- 

 ments are certainly in some specimens not pure 

 white, but more or less tinged with cream, whili 

 in two cases the flowers have been wholly yellow 



on the inside. 



The back of the petals are still more variable. 

 Usually they are marked with broad scarlet 

 bands, but sometimes these are very pale in 

 colour, and sometimes they fade away to a mere 

 shading of purple or bluish-grey. W. R. Dykes, 

 Charterhouse, Godalming. 



[The illustration in fig. 96 represents a group of 

 T. Kaufmanniana in Mr, Malby's garden at 

 Woodford, Essex.— Eds.] 



