







June 8, 1912.] 



THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 



371 



for the raising of water with which to we have the idea of a flue carried beneath- 



irrigate gardens. They had spades, forks, the floor of a greenhouse (roofed with 



rakes, shears for the clipping of hedges slate !) ; and Evelyn, who described the 



and shrubs, hooks, and scythes; all these method with enthusiastic admiration, 



by no means inferior to those in use here, thought it so vast an improvement on the 



at any rate, up to a not-far-distant date, old open, charcoal fire that he took the 



Fitzherbert (1534) tells his readers that trouble to have the whole system illug- 



forks were made of wood as well as of trated with engravings. A few years later, 



iron, and describes the right kind of the flues which heated the vine walls at 



branch for making them, 

 often toothed with willow 



Rakes 

 wood. 



were Belvoir were supplemented with glazed 



He 



sashes placed against the walls. There 



THE 



(Abetters' Chronicle 



No. 1,328— SATUBDAY, June S, 1912. 



CONTENTS. 



Agriculture, new chair 



of 378 



Arsenic in plants^ ... 378 

 Australian botanic gar- 

 den, proposed new ... 378 

 Bacterial flora of the 



soil, the t ... 378 



Calceolarias, distinct 



species of shrubby ... 372 

 Canadian census ... 378 



Corn crops, the 378 



Cucumbers, can i age 



rates for — ... 377 



"Fairchild" lectuie, the 378 



Gardeners and the Inter- 

 national Horticultural 



Exhibition 379 



Horticultural education 376 



Humus 373 



Implements, garden, 

 notes on the history 



of ... 371 



International Horticul- 

 tural Exh.bition ... 371 



Nesting place, a curious 

 Obituary- 

 Ranger, Hugh 



Shingler, William ... 

 Rhododendron show in 



Regent's Park 

 Saxifraga Probynii 

 Scotland, notes from ... 

 Societies — 



Royal Horticultural... 



Royal Meteorological 

 South Africa, notes 



from 



Trees and shrubs — 



Cornus florida var. 



rubra... 



Week's work, the — 

 Flower gaiden, the ... 

 Fruits under glass ... 

 Hardy fruit garden, 



the 

 Kitchen garden, the... 



Orchid houses, the ... 



Plants under glass ... 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



11 Chase " continuous cl6che, the ... 



Flowering plants shown by Messrs, E. Webb & 

 Sons 



Fruit grading and sorting machine 



Greenhouses and boilers, an exhibit of 



Holland, view in the tent containing 



Supp. xl 



also mentions knives used for various we have at once the germ of the modern 

 purposes, and scythes, staff-hooks, sickles, greenhouse, all later developments being 

 hooks, mallets, saws of different kinds, merely improvements on the original idea, 

 hatchets and billhooks. Tusser (1573) It was not long before Pineapples and ten- 

 notes, among other tools, the trowel der exotics began to be cultivated, and the 

 and the dibble. In an early engraving flues were arranged to meet the varying 

 of garden tools, there is a composite demands of horticulturists. The flue- 

 379 tool of wonderful ingenuity, of which heated structures were extremely satisfac- 

 tory in many ways. The structures were 



adapted in 1788 (at first) to steam heating, 

 but when, about 1827, hot-water heating 

 became more usual, they served this pur- 

 pose equally well, and even now one may 

 find, here and there, a flue-heated hot- 

 house. 



The proper form of boiler has always 

 been a serious question. The saddle was 



gine is shown in one of the gardens in the earl y introduced, then there was a conical 

 Gardeners' Labyrinth : a labourer is form, so early as 1840, and the tubular, an 

 represented watering a flower-bed by improvement on the conical, introduced 

 means of this engine, which is merely a not !° n g subsequently by Weeks, of Chel- 

 movable force pump. In another engrav- sea - Mor e than 40 years ago the veteran, 



Henry Cannell, invented the 'sectional 



381 

 381 



377 

 379 



378 



379 

 381 



372 



like 



872 



374 

 374 



374 

 375 

 374 

 375 



the head is a hammer, the shaft a 

 file, and the end a gimlet ! The knives of 

 this period did not shut, but were made, 



other small tools, with an eye for 

 hanging on the workman's belt. 



At one time knives were imported from 

 Liege, and were known in the north as 

 "joctelegs," or "joclegs." 



An ancient forefather of the warden en- 



ing 



drawn 



Supp. xliii 



Supp. xlii 



Supp. xl 



exhibits from 



Supp. xxxvii 



Horticultural boxes shown by Messrs, C. H. Glover 



& Co — ' Supp. xlii 



Laslio-Cattleya Lustre var. Lavingo - 373 



Rhododendrons exhibited by Messrs. J. Waterer & Sons 377 

 Rock garden, view of Messrs. Cutbush & Son's Supp. xxxix 

 Rose garden arranged by Mr. R. C. Notcutt Supp. xxxvi 



Rose Mme. Edouard Herriot Supp. xxxv 



Roses exhibited by Messrs. G. Mount & Sons Supp. xxxiv 

 Sweet Pea Bobbie's True Lavender .- Supp. xxxviii 

 Trained si ecimen plants shown by Messrs. J. Cypher 



& Co _ _ ... ... Supp. xlviii 



Tuber-bearing Solanums, Messrs. Sutton & Sons' 

 exhibit of, in the Scientific Section ... ...Supp. xlvii 



Vegetables shown by Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons Supp. xlvii 

 Well-head, an old Italian Supp. xli 



means of a pail. For watering small seeds, boiler, and the Trentham, so usual in large 



a primitive and yet highly scientific establishments, was an even earlier intro- 



method was employed. An earthenware duction. With our perfected screw-down 



pot, with perforated bottom and a very valves, we can scarcely comprehend the 



narrow opening, was dipped into a cistern difficulties the early heating engineers ex- 



or pool ; when full, the hole at the perienced. It was not unusual to have a 



top was stopped with the thumb. boil er for each structure, and an early at- 



This prevented the egress of the water tempt at heating more than one consisted 



until the spot was reached at which it was in leading the heated water to an elevated 



intended to be used, when, the thumb tank with metal plugs, which were with- 



being withdrawn, the water descended drawn to allow the water to circulate 



like rain. 



through the apparatus in the various 



The training of fruit trees to walls and houses. 



espaliers did not become customary until 



The main principles of circulation were 



lMOTPQ mvr Tnji? UTCTYTOV r\T* *^ e re *& n °* Elizabeth, and the first liga- soon discovered, though it was long before 

 nUlfio OiN THE HIoTOKY UP tures were made of the inner bark of Elm, the arrangement of pipes was sufficiently 



GARDEN IMPLEMENTS 



Willows 



simplified. It seems amazing now to think 



T would be interesting to know what of which the espaliers was made being that, quite a short while ago (1829-30), the 

 form the first implement for the culti- wood. Long before this period, however, question was seriously discussed whether 



vation of the soil may have taken 

 interesting, but probably quite impossible. 

 It is permitted, however, to hazard an 

 opinion; and it may be guessed that the 

 unshod semi-barbarian would either em- 



a practical knowledge of outdoor garden- iron or earthenware is the better 



ing was quite common. The garden was, material for the conveyance of the hot 



in the main, the care of the housewife ; water ! 



but we read of trenching and other opera- The advent of the lawn mower maiks a 



_ tions, which show that the benefit of deep definite stage of advance. Until about 



ploy a forked stick to tickle the virgin cultivation was well understood, and this 1831, all grass had to be cut by means of 

 soil, or, when once the use of metals was work must have been performed by male a scythe, or some other hand-worked in- 

 discovered, loosen the earth to a greater labourers. strument j but at that time an adaptation 

 depth by the use of a single-pronged It is interesting to note, in connection of Budding's machine for removing the m- 



dattock. 



The spade, in its present form, with a 

 clamp for foot pressure, would be useless 

 until civilisation had advanced to the 



with the subject of digging, that the old equalities of cloth came into use. The 

 name for spade was " spitter," a word now principle of all lawn mowers is the same as 



many 

 the 



obsolete. From this word we derive the that of the original one, but 

 expression " a spit of turf," the word used improvements have been made in 



carrying out of the idea. 



stage of the wearing of shoes : so that in Scotland being " spading." 



probably all the tools used for diwrinR Forcing used to be carried out in a very Syringes and garden engines have been 



Were sharp-pointed, in 

 fork. Evp.ti m lofr, oc * 



the nature of a 



Melons were planted in use for very many years ; but it was not 



century 



as 



spade of triangular shape was used, 

 Portrayed in Husbandry Spiritualized. 

 in Lawson's New Orchard, of earlier date, 

 a r 4 ou ad-mouthed spade is shown. 



primitive manner. 



on hot-beds composed of manure or other 



until Reid invented the ball-valve that the 



suitable material, and were protected by type of syringe appeared which is now 

 coverings of glazed paper. The next step universally used. This method is adapted 

 was the forcing of wall fruit and Grapes to garden engines of all kinds, and haB 



r M __„„. by banking the heated manure against the 



AH the ancient nations" oTthYkast pop- opposite side of the wall— wood was used, 



*»sed husbandry implements of an ad- hence "pales," the better word-to that improvement, and so ingenious and satis- 



been employed for nearly a century. Ver- 

 morel's " Eclair " sprayer is another great 



**"ouauury implements oi an aa- nence paic», mo ^vw .. , ~ — . . *. . * ,i 



vanced kind, including pumping machinery on which the trees were trained. Next factory are now most of the sprayers in 





