a a e ur Uem RE RR S IER RIS DU. 
| 
y 
Decrxner 10, pee THE GARDENERS’ CHRONICLE AND 
AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 
999 
work, requiri ng 
i, must ultimately obtain for it j of operations includes the lighter v 
The m 
d ma 
s for all mere  plonghing and skill and thought as well as — 
seed equidis 
the un! 
the preference Pim Mera 
1 clay land, on which, if by force of charact: fer, la bour 
giving crops are cultivated, of course the * — of 
| cultiv ation must be greater tban on lighter soils. It is 
which are devoted 
stirring, — of clay — An ery large share of a equidistantly within e lan 
of the hors — bour of o; edi agriculture will thus be d by 3 ut the eiue of the 
handed over to the steam-en plant, much of the hoeing of the land immediately 
around it, and its treatment —.— poe according 
CCC | its condition " be ` A to the hand. 
more especially to the growth of what are called — 
crops, and takin; ng the ordinary rotation on e ach class © 
we may 
n us —— how much. refer to 2 re it may be harves rse-drawn implements 
may be € dug, 
:| experience of the steam-cultivated fa arms, the 
labour bed — "e by ad — bilis, t * — 
vill 
: On a farm of Road acres ‘occupied by Mr. our corn crops are curr i our 12 
ne: in roots are by h 
ut they 
Melvin * Boni ington, r Ratho, Mid Lothian, | and cut from the ground t quite vy 
hol must however cres of — nd, indi 8 to 10 acres 
verted, as I have say said, into weight, amou nts or t o heaps amd ultimately removed by — - m of Grass, " red abire 10s. an acre for the latter, is equal 
^ — of 100,000 ewt. pulled, i . é., lifted 1 mile cem il labo: to a la bou r Er = — r acre per annum on the plough 
Of ferr sim in gps — — e amount When stored they are threshed, d ground, and cut, land. And i nnecessary to say that this is a very 
one-quarter ; the 2 V- es, but th 
n 
ing, 7 9 à cultivation amount to upwards | administered as s fo od by manual odas Leàvi ing the 
of 20, ew the carriage of dun mE and | vegetable which iim d — nen liv! — ve? be treated to 
va “and — Bic amounts 60,000 ew and w longer gro tees. 
abjec 
LABOUR ON ORDINARY FARMS. 
a number * farms in 2 
On hire — 
management I examined many y 
for 
where 
1m P n 
t of — animal 7 it feeds, A 
pasture med from | lt enth to 5 "tenth of e How 
the labour cre very rarely indeed. 
bill 
— chan one-half of the | 
d me we . — the region of machinery 
d, direc 
pere 
| It was "" generally 1 —. 30s. an 
1 be | by intelligence. 
m-pow 1 8 je orse- 
power engine shall displace m more e than eight ee and DEMAND FOR — 
near Spalding, - which a most 
| elaborate. d. of the labour it has been 
kindly given me by the tenant Mr. A fin 
790 t hell rable, the . — A pai 
do th "SL ta 
i of fen land 790 acres, 
Lin- 
"lends but 
soil, 
which was once wholly the work of men's 
which has long since given up the tillage of the 
the ma 
instance, or equal to s 
e e mile per annum, the carriage 
qua ne wi 8 whole, 
-lOths of 
while the plou dics is nearly 40,000 c d 
the whole gei and the pia id rolling about abandoning t 
35,000 ewt. 
the work e 
of cultivation to the latter, should. nevertheless r require 
t three years averaged 2 or 
On another similar eur 
es arable and 120 pastures "the p 
which is about 355. per ac 
had during the past 
about 32s, an acre. 
Chatteris, on Lais acr 
| year’s phe crt 15561, 
of East Lothian, of 
regularly and 
of de crack farms 
si fone 5 in eren 
be a 
r annum, 
Po Lord Duces farm at Whitfield, EA 
e horse labour amounted to e-power agricultural labourer 
this. 
* | hors econd, the 
nowhere in the r race, — the three m merely as 
ey 
ut 12007., not 27 ** acre, hongi Potatoes, 
—4 "d the most laborious of crops, are y largely 
cultiv: 
$^ e wages on the 32 farm, nea: 
Tae e per annum, and of 
arl 000, - 
less be wanted more than er? 
The explanation 1 lies in t this that agriculture is 
well as power—t 
in intelligence a and skill ar 
portion of the whole. 
performed, and over 
c ultivated 
k j of harro miae 
and drilling and rolling continue to be done by 
re are still 4-lOths the horse labonr 
e cami aen re 
more derbi y 
a pu r extent of reepa, 
e laborious and more 
Js er 
“Cultivation is 
y Ss 
e 
e said of the i is propoliak 
Ti 
ied ing them 
rtional attendance * bly 
2 more thorough perfo 
steam- -power will "accomplish. - Ample e 
thi, now; but how many more acres are there — ae 
an then 
be ya ne mnt on Who ? Each — of Wheat 
wer 
but I will leave it to 
may follow me, and I wi 
that 8s. was the lowest price at which it it 
with rand. but how S more bushels per aere de 
r land upon an average mage eid ot pae ent? Each lb. of 
mu 
Fe but we have a double and triple store o 
| we have two crops of — —— and — | 
— — — one, and each supplies a double 
quantit yo 
nse w 
s then that on arable land two-fifths of the 
farm can be handed over to a pow 
he 
arm of 240 acres of pug *. mis 
nandi. it will be found that it does not 
certain | i 
is part of that 
ich employs most —.— in agriculture. 
Wm. Smith, Woolston, who has an hs horse 
or 110 of arable land and 70 acres of 
and works this Ag i only 14 days a pid in 
threshing, — kee 
and f doo 
thatthe need for it is distributed amon; the mou th i 
creme * enly. Not in 2 
wanted in December, January, and 
e sey 45 35 days a month are wanted in March 
and April, May, and June; about 15 days are wanted 
60 in a and 90 in y frye and 
November, d Dece mber. August and 
But. pene "the he explanation & 
system whi 
are than 24 working ps in each of these two pen 
acres o 
farmer i 
cultivation, =i tells me, agen him on t verage | 
0d. t a. m his clays and 
otha Dies all the year, in order that the work of Au ugust 
Pus and Septem! ember may be done. Now, the two- fifths of 
Eoin m 
through t I years a the dos t and vet 
ing being y he nos sng a two-fifths) but 
Saat, half of the labour urat the incumbered m 
Sa March and April, May and August, and e. engine wo 
A October, and so reduce the poe 
35 dye so work a each mon 
lish. 
AUS, 
It has 
horse-power wh 
and 
his lighter iid 
alae 015 the 2 the of the form 
cds anticipated that it odi; 
cent. of the 
3d. 
Pocock, who farm: acr 
-— - g Berdas 
egu en and 10 boys, equal to 3 
men in n all or r1 1 MUT ER "—— of arable land and 
10 s of Grass. He, steam-power for 
of will an than easily | food.— 
Saat hee AG : Acres of — 
+ +h 
be dispensed |: 
E nf +} 
all the t Soh ee T 
y g th 
— ar ie plongba.— 
upon tbe pd 410 arable and 190 pasture acres, on the 
of the soil, | t] lk hills of Wiltshire, and who does 
c edltiealon By steam, says :— 
Steam ivation will lessen horse Jabour T 1 
— S in some cases two-thirds. 
plough, told -— onde 
elow 
all his 
own impression 
en will obtain higher 
for three weeks in har 
9 (as long as these remain) 42 men — f throughout t the year, 
by horse-power and manual of and 5 of pasture. 
Mr. Halkett does indeed 
and is therefore | difference in 
The t AII these more or less are ins 
90s. a 
- more becoming the work of —— and 5 skili 
those of its 
. i , and ev 
added to the Lr 
acres 
threshing, 8 and cutting, — employs one of an 
— Another gent oceupyi 
8 — steam culture chri aro and | horse- 
vation of 
r Cirencester, o 
rable and 2 pra m a year, or 
— * the plough la ratton’s ecce 
" nd in gent 
Mr. Dods o 
310 —＋ him and 1 
wome: ally, and ex 
— fy wages — 
or not 15500 pe. than 
— And as a last serus 1 will ta take de — v^ Mr. 
dmonds of — ch, n — apes Wilts, 2000 acres 
Anick Grange, 2 m, 
00 pasture, dpi oys 7 men and 
tra for a "e: 7 ae and 7 
by — nt — 5007., 
| arable and res pasture, emp! — ng on an average, 
about 120 
1 must, I shoul 
has kind 
nis aag 8 Rares into acconnt, 
His labour 
Agriculture is eee the truth 
in the history of fallo Swe manufactures—that 
* long run the best friend of the labourer. 
island, — 
— help "of deckt statistics 
early 19,000,000 arable aer — and 
uch Grass, employing as farm labourers 
ed 950,000 men and 120,000 wom 
probably nearly as 
indoors and out 
women, besides 300,000 
on 2 
steam - power of piney 
rtai -— displace both — r^ men to 
some ex o We have tak the hand 
ad — labourer, and the reaping-hook i 
any a farm he no ra walks bnt the 
bandi of the plough—he no longer sows the seed—he 
does but a portion of the hoei 
d yet so far 
and the harvesting— 
a with his 
from being abl 
upon 
gie of these powers 
matances of English phe 
"dimid and the prizes of the 
engines, an: 
| the 
tive w the c 
o | Messrs. mop hee 
to receive 
Agricultural d Society ciety of England for their 
2nd 
by a review m 
