70 METAMORPHOSES. 



From the swathed appearance of most insects in this state, in which 

 they do not badly resemble in miniature a child trussed up like a mummy 

 in swaddling clothes, according to the barbarous fashion once prevalent 

 here, and still retained in many parts of the Continent, Linne has called 

 it the yupa state, and an insect when under this form a pupa — terms which 

 will be here adopted in the same sense. In this state, most insects eat no 

 food ; are incapable of locomotion ; and, if opened, seem filled with a 

 watery fluid, in which no distinct organs can be traced. Externally, how- 

 ever, the shape of the pupse of different tribes varies considerably, and 

 different names have been applied to them. 



Those of the beetle and bee tribes are covered with a membranous 

 skin, enclosing in separate and distinct sheaths the external organs, as the 

 antennae, legs, and wings, which are consequently not closely applied to 

 the body, but have their form for the most part clearly distinguishable. 

 To these Aristotle originally gave the name of NymphcB^, which was con- 

 tinued by Swammerdam and other authors prior to Linne (who calls them 

 incomplete pupae), and has been adopted by many English writers on 

 insects. 



Butterflies, moths, and some of the two-winged tribe, are in their pupa 

 state also enclosed in a similar membranous envelope; but their legs, 

 antennae, and wings, are closely folded over the breast and sides ; and the 

 whole body enclosed in a common case or covering of a more horny con- 

 sistence, which admits a much less distinct view of the organs beneath it. 

 As these pupae are often tinged of a golden color, they were called from 

 this circumstance chrysalides by the Greeks, and aurelia by the Romans, 

 both which terms are in some measure become anglicized ; and though not 

 strictly applicable to ungilded pupae, are now often given to those of all 

 lepidopterous insects.^ These by Linne are denominated obtected pupa?. 



I have said that most insects eat no food in the pupa state. This quali- 

 fication is necessary, because in the metamorphoses of insects, as in all her 

 other operations, nature proceeds by measured steps, and a very consider- 

 able number (the tribe of locusts, cockroaches, bugs, spiders, &;c.) not only 

 greatly resemble the perfect insect in form, but are equally capable with it 



* Hist. Anim. 1. 5. c. 10. 



' In explanation of the terms Lepidoptera, Lepidopterous, Coleoptera, &c., which will fre- 

 quently occur in the following pages before coming regularly to difinitions, it is necessary 

 here to slate that they have reference to the names given by entomologists to the diflerent 

 orders or tribes of insects, as under : — 



1. Coleoptera, consisting of Beetles. Plate I. Fig. 1 — 6. 



2. Strepsiptera, of the genera Xenos and Stj/lops. Plate II. Fig. 1. 



3. Dermaptera, of the Earwigs. Plate I. Fig. 7. 



4. Orthoptera, of Cockroaches, Locusts, Grasshoppers, Crickets, Spectres, Mantes, 6cc. 



Plate II. Fig. 2, 3. 



5. Ileniiptera, consisting of Bugs, Cicada, Water- scorpions. Water-boat-men, Plant-lice, 

 Cochineal Insects, k.c. Plate II. Fig. 4, 5. 



6. Trichoptera, consisting of the fies produced by the various species of Case-norms, 

 Phryganea, L. Plate III. Fig. 4. 



7. lApidoptera, consisting of Butterflies, Harvkmoths, and Moths. Plate III. Fig. 1 — 3, 



8. Neuroptera, consisting of Dragon-flies, Ant-lions, Ephemera:, (fee. Plate III. Fig. 5, 6. 



9. Hijmenoptera, consisting of Bees, Wasps, and other insects armed with a sting or ovi- 

 positor, and its valves. Plate IV. Fig. 1 — 3. 



10. Diptera. consisting o[ Flies, Gnats, and other two-winged insects. Plate IV. Fig. 4, 5, 

 Plate V. Fig.' 1. 



11. Aphaniptera, consisting of the Flea tribe. Plate V. Fig. 2. 



12. Aptera, of Mites, Lice, &c. Plate V. Fig. 3—6. 



