GATES—SUMMER Birp LiFe IN ILLINOIS. 19 
d Hairy Woodpecker nf r few 
d Wood Pewee : nf rer very abundant 
d Phoebe nf + common 
d Crested Flycatcher n f r several 
d Wingbird n fr few ‘ 
ds Belted Iingfisher r common 
d Black-billed Cuckoo f r few 
d Yellow-billed Cuckoo f r common 
d Sparrow Hawk nf rat least two pairs with young 
t Marsh Hawk r one record 
d Mourning Dove n f r common to abundant 
t Solitary Sandpiper f rone family noted along the 
margin in Jaly 
t Spotted Sandpiper fra few along the margin. 
(These two sund-pipers come 
within this association be 
cause with the reversal of 
successions caused by high 
water the mud flat is en- 
croaching on the willows.) 
s Green Heron n f r marginal and common 
s Great Blue Heron n f r semimarginal and several 
s Bittern r one record 
t Double-crested Cormorant mn r 32 individuals in 1910. 
Tue Upranp Forest Associations. All of the upland 
woods in Mason County, in the vicinity of Havana are of one 
or the other of two plant associations, the black oak or the 
mixt forest associations. Together they cover quite a little 
of the region, particularly the ridges, with a moderately open 
growth of woods. 
The black oak is the earlier stage in a genetic series. It is 
composed typically of black oak (Quercus velutina) and black- 
jack (Quercus marilandica), the latter being more frequently 
a marginal tree. The shrubbery growth is very largely com- 
posed of the young trees of the two oaks and of a hickory. 
In addition there are a few normal shrubs, such as sumac 
(Rhus canadensis illinoensis), redroot (Ceanothus ameri- 
canus), gooseberry (Ribes gracile) and blackberry (Rubus 
Spp). This growth is largely confined to the margins and to 
the openings. The development of vines is slight and the 
