Woop—MrrsHon EXPEDITION, CHArRiTy ISLANDS. 179 
twenty-nine years, and was familiar with a considerable num- 
ber of species. 
Charity Island, the largest of the islands in the group, is 
situated in the mouth of Saginaw Bay just above the parallel 
of 44° north latitude. It is owned by the United States Gov- 
erament and is used as a light-house station. The light is of 
the fourth order and stationary. The island comprises about 
650 acres of sand and rock, and is covered with a natural 
forest of oak, maple and scattering Norway and white pine. 
A shallow pond of several acres lies near the west beach, and 
in the low land east of it is a fine growth of white birch. 
This pond is bordered on the north and west sides by a cran- 
berry marsh which is now quite marrow although formerly 
quite extensive. The foundation of the island is the Maxwell 
sandstone which out-crops as ledges on the north and east 
sides of the island but which also appears on the other sides, 
especially on the five points, which are bare rock. Between 
these rocky points there are sand beaches of more or less ex- 
tent, and, back of these, old beaches or low sand dunes of 
nearly uniform height cover nearly all of the island. 
Most of the ridges are thickly wooded, but south of the 
center is an open area with a few scattered red oak trees, and 
on the west side there is a high dune covered with tall beach 
grass and scattered juniper bushes. The island is about seven 
miles east of Point Lookout on the west’side of Saginaw Bay, 
and about nine and one-half and seven and three-fourths miles 
northwest of Caseville and Sand Point in Huron County. 
Most of the work was done on Charity Island proper, and 
the observations recorded in this paper apply to that island 
unless otherwise stated. 
The resident birds are few in number, but our list of 
breeding birds cannot be considered complete, for when work 
was begun (August 16) the nesting time for most of the 
birds was past.* The species that with little doubt bred on 
the island this summer were: 
*The Michigan Geological and Biological Survey plans to carry 
on biological investigations on the islands early in the summer of 
1911, and the resident ornis will then be investigated in detail. 
