3URNS—ON BROAD-WINGED HAWK. 228 
varying from easy gunshot to or beyond the power of human 
vision. Social instinct being largly wanting, this migratory 
segregation is rather the inevitable result of a simultaneous 
crowding at the “fords or causeways” affording the most fa- 
forable passage; for remarkable as it may seem, these fierce, 
strong-winged birds of prey are adverse to crossing large 
bodies of water. 
My data tends to the conclusion that the vast bulk of migra- 
ting Broad-wings ascend the Mississippi valley, distributing 
its quota near the mouth of every river valley. Natives of 
Minnesota and Manitoba region have a comparatively simple 
journey after entering the United States, but the vast horde 
pouring into the Ohio valley enroute for Ontario, Quebec and 
possibly northeastern United States and southeastern Canada, 
have a more intricate and fatiguing journey. As few, if any, 
migrants appear from the West Indies, the Gulf States must 
receive their supply from the Mississippi valley also; and the 
Atlantic States from North Carolina to Pennsylvania and New 
Jersey, overland from Tennessee, Cumberland and possibly 
Ohio valleys. More complete data may show a South Atlantic 
coast migration, of which I have no hint. 
The arrival! of the transient before the summer resident 
would seem to indicate that the more northern bird did not win- 
ter so far south as the latter. No doubt the vast flight trains 
originate in the leisurely forward movement of the van, until 
the constantly increasing hosts accelerate the leaders to swifter 
flight in order to reach a field less open to competition. Sennett 
observed fifty or more Broad-wings on the lower Rio Grande, 
April 11, 1878. According to E. F. Pope, it does not winter 
at Colimsneil, Tyler 'Co., Texas; arriving about the middle of 
March and from then on seldom out of sight or hearing. It 
usually makes its appearance in southern Louisiana about the 
end of March (Beyer, Allison and Kopman) ; and Andrew Al- 
lison states that he has not seen it in winter in Mississippi, ar- 
riving about April 1, not earlier than March 20; and at Wood- 
bine, Coosa Co., Alabama, Aretas A. Saunders first records it 
in 1908 on March 25 and it soon became abundant. It is 
