TABLE OF CONTENTS 



Preface ^^^ 



Introduction "" j 



Historical survey '_'_ 2 



Marion expedition '_'_ ^ 



Floating ice — sea and land l__l 7 



Sea ice c 



The physical properties of sea ice -~"-"I~~I 8 



Ice terminology ~ -ia 



Classification of sea ice ~ -ij 



Three forms of sea ice ~"~"_~~ 21 



Fast ice "~ oj 



Polar cap ice [III 25 



Pack ice 09 



The Spitsbergen pack l.ll//._ 34 



The east Greenland pack 35 



The eastern North American pack 40 



Baffin Bay pack 42 



Hudson Bay pack 49 



Pack ice along Labrador and Newfoundland coasts 51 



Pack ice on the Grand Bank 53 



The Gulf of St. Lawrence pack 55 



Annual variations in the limits of pack ice__ 57 



Land ice gQ 



Glaciation in Arctic Eurasia -ll.lllll 62 



Glaciation in Ellesmere Land g5 



Glaciation in Axel Heiberg Land gg 



Glaciation in Devon Lsland gg 



Glaciation in Bylot Island gg 



Glaciation in Baffin Land gg 



Glaciation in Greenland 70 



East Greenland glaciers 73 



Drift and distribution of east Greenland icebergs 74 



The north Greenland glaciers 78 



The glaciers Cape Alexander to Cape York 81 



The glaciers Cape York to Svartenhuk Peninsula _ " I 82 



The glaciers of North East Bay and Disko Bav 85 



Jacobshavn Fjord and glacier ' 9I 



The south Greenland glaciers 94 



Rate of productivity of west Greenland glaciers 94 



Manner in which icebergs calve 97 



Form and size of bergs XOO 



Structure and color and density of icebergs 108 



The disintegration and melting of icebergs 112 



Visibility and mirage 127 



Current and wind control drift of icebergs 128 



The general drift and fate of icel^ergs in the western North Atlantic " 136 



Distribution and drift of bergs in Baffin Bay and Davis Strait 138 



Drift of bergs south of Newfoundland 150 



Methods employed to jirotect trans- Atlantic shipping from "the ice 



menace lg§ 



Seasonal character of the ice invasions to the North" Atlantic ] 176 



Annual variations in the number of icebergs past Newfoundland . 180 



Annual amounts of glacial ice and sea ice 189 



Effect of northern ice on temperature and circulation of "the wat"e"rs 



of the North Atlantic 191 



Bibliography 205 



Index :_::::::::: 217 



V 



