SCIENTIFIC RESULTS 205 



>ca energy is synonymous with current. The smooth curving trend 

 I if the eastern Xorth American slope, from Florida to Nantucket, 

 tor example, is responsible for the riverlike character of the Gulf 

 Stream described in such striking terms by Maury. The Gulf 

 Sti'eam parallels the coast of Xorway, because a dynamic gradient 

 prevails between light coastal waters and the off-shore oceanic water 

 there also. The energy that is imparted in moving the water par- 

 ticles of the Gulf Stream olf Sognefjorcl, Norway, is just as vital for 

 the survival of the current as is the impetus that was given to these 

 >;ime particles during their sojourn in the Caribbean. It has been 

 estimated that the forced momentum of the current pouring north- 

 ward out of the Florida Strait would die one-quarter the distance 

 to Cape Hatteras were it not sustained by gradient forces. When 

 the Gulf Stream, on its inner side, after passing the Grand Bank, 

 bends to the northward (in toward Newfoundland), it does so 

 because at that time and place there exists a contrast in the density 

 of the oceanic masses. (See Defant 19^9, p. 16.) Ice melting over 

 the North i^merican and east Greenland shelves helps to accentuate 

 the contrasts between coastal and oceanic waters, thereby intensify- 

 ing the currents, but emphatically it is not the main cause of propul- 

 sion nor is it even a necessary attribute thereof. 



In conclusion the energizing forces resulting from melting ice are 

 not adequate to produce the circulatory mechanism of the world's 

 oceans; nor is the water directly chilled by melting ice — the chief 

 source of the ocean's bottom water. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



AlTKEN. .T. 



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1915 The Intluence of Icebergs on the Temperature of tlie Sea. Ibid, 

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