APPENDIX. 467 



than past and future are formed by certain particles and parts of 

 the substantive verb. The tenses are formed by the change of 

 the initial letters and auxiliary particles. 



The roots of the verbs are usually of a participial nature ; some 

 of these are also nouns. The nouns are used with the article ny 

 prefixed. These roots are used as verbs by the addition of forma- 

 tives, among which are the following prefixing the word voa (tin 

 in Polynesian), which signifies done, completed by some external 

 agent, not by any internal process. By adding ena, ina, ana, 

 or aina, and sometimes vina, to the root, the signification is parti- 

 cipial. By prefixing mi to the root, also by prefixing mampi to 

 the root, this expresses the cause ; and fiirther, by prefixing 

 mifampi, which signifies reciprocity of cause, as, — 



misotro I drink 



mampisotro I cause another to drink 



mifampisotro they cause one another to drink 



There are a number of other forms of verbs. The subjoined 

 paradigm of a regular verb will convey some idea of the precision 

 and extent to which a single root can be used. 



