Merchant 



Vessels 



32% 



Figure 4. Reporting sources of the 125 individual 

 targets merged into BAPS in 2005 



3 do not account for targets transferred via 

 BAPS. Figure 4 provides a breakdown of 

 merged-target reporting sources. 



LAKI Iceberg Sightings 



SOLAS mandates Ice Patrol to guard 

 the southeastern, southern, and southwestern 

 regions of the Grand Banks and to monitor the 

 icebergs that set the Limit of All Known Ice 

 (LAKI). Ice Patrol uses most of its resources to 

 search for LAKI-sctting icebergs. However, 

 because IIP did not produce a LAKI in 2005, 

 there were no LAKI icebergs. 



Products and Broadcasts 



From 18 February to 1 July, IIP issued 

 weekly ice-chart and bulletin updates each 

 Friday. The ice chart was broadcast at 043 8Z, 

 1600Z, and 1810Z; the two bulletin updates 

 were valid for 0000Z and 1200Z. Both products 

 stated that Ice Patrol was monitoring iceberg 

 conditions, but not issuing daily products. 



Ice Patrol broadcast the weekly ice- 

 chart and bulletin updates by the same means 

 that daily products arc broadcast. United States 

 Coast Guard Communications Area Master 

 Station Atlantic/NMF and Canadian Coast 

 Guard Marine Communications and Traffic 

 Service St. John's/VON were the primary radio 

 stations that transmitted ice-chart updates, 

 which were also available via plain-paper 

 facsimile, email on demand, and the Internet. 

 The German Federal Maritime and 



Hydrographic Agency stations Hamburg/DDH 

 and Pinncbcrg/DDK also transmitted the ice- 

 chart update. 



Bulletin updates were delivered over the 

 Inmarsat-C SafctyNET via the Atlantic East 

 and West satellites. United States Coast Guard 

 Communications Area Master Station 

 Atlantic/NMF and Canadian Coast Guard 

 Marine Communications and Traffic Service 

 St. Anthony/VCM transmitted bulletin updates 

 via radio. Finally, like ice-chart updates, 

 bulletin updates were also available on the 

 Internet. 



Historical Perspective 



Ice Patrol determines season severity 

 based on season length (Figure 5) — that is, the 

 number of days IIP produced a LAKI — and the 

 number of icebergs south of 48°N (Figure 6), 

 two measurements developed by various 

 authors (Alfultis, 1987; Trivers, 1994; Marko, 

 Fissel, Wadhams, Kelly, & Brown, 1994). The 

 second measurement includes both icebergs 

 sighted south of 48°N and those that were 

 sighted north of 48°N but that BAPS eventually 

 drifted south of 48°N. Of the two 

 measurements, IIP focuses more on the number 

 of icebergs south of 48°N because it 

 emphasizes the degree of a season's iceberg 

 danger to transatlantic shipping. 



Only 1 1 icebergs drifted south of 48°N 



^T 



2005 

 2004 

 2003 

 2002 

 2001 



Pi 19 



47 



J 



50 100 



Days 



150 



Figure 5. Number of days a LAKI was broadcast each 

 year since 2001 (The 20-year [1986-2005] mean is 134.) 



