Figure 4. Sources of targets merged into BAPS 

 model in 2001. 



depends heavily upon all contributors of ice 

 reports. 



During the 2001 season, IIP flew 29 

 reconnaissance flights. Because IIP is 

 mandated to determine the limit of all 

 known ice, IIP generally flies well offshore 

 in the vicinity of the 1000-m bathymetric 

 contour (Figure 1). The different areas 

 covered by Canadian flights and IIP flights 

 combine to form a complementary system 

 that achieves good coverage of the entire 

 Grand Banks area. This system allows for 

 more comprehensive and efficient 

 coverage than either organization could 

 achieve separately. As a result of the 

 focused reconnaissance, IIP detected 36% 

 of LAKI icebergs (Figure 5). However, IIP 

 also benefited significantly from the 

 participation of ships of opportunity and 

 from HP's partnership with the National Ice 

 Center. The merchant shipping industry 

 was the original source of 17% of LAKI 

 icebergs and NIC reported another 13%. 

 The BAPS model transfers between IIP 

 and the Canadian Ice Service accounted 

 for 30% of LAKI icebergs. 



To compare ice years in a historical 

 perspective, IIP uses two different 

 measurements. The first is the season's 

 length in days (Figure 6). The second is 

 the number of icebergs south of 48°N 

 (Figure 7). This measurement includes 

 both icebergs detected south of 48° N and 



those that were originally detected north of 

 48°N but were later predicted to have 

 drifted south of 48°N. The icebergs south 

 of 48°N measurement is generally 

 preferred by IIP because it places the 

 emphasis on icebergs that represent a 

 significant hazard to transatlantic shipping. 

 Additionally, the total number of targets 

 merged into the BAPS model is not used 

 because IIP does not necessarily merge all 

 reported targets. Sightings of targets 

 outside HP's area of responsibility and 

 coastal icebergs are usually not merged as 

 they represent little threat to transatlantic 

 shipping. Thus, the total number of 

 merged targets is not necessarily an 

 objective and unbiased measurement from 

 year to year. 



Season length is intertwined with 

 the number of icebergs south of 48°N, as 

 Commander, International Ice Patrol 

 considers the iceberg population when 

 determining when to open and close the 

 season. Various authors have discussed 

 the appropriate measurement for ice 

 season severity (Alfultis, 1987; Trivers, 

 1994; Marko, et al., 1994). Comparing 

 2001 to the past five years and measuring 

 the statistics against historical standards in 

 various papers, 2001 was light both in 

 terms of season length and the number of 

 icebergs south of 48°N. A light season 

 length is defined as less than 105 days 

 (Trivers, 1994). A light season for icebergs 

 south of 48°N is defined as fewer than 300 

 icebergs (Trivers, 1994, Marko, et al., 

 1994). 



Canadian 

 Government 



BAPS 



30% 



Merchant Ships 

 17% 



Figure 5. Sources of limit-setting icebergs in 2001 . 



