WORKING OF IVORY ^55 



$185,680 during 1905.* The same authority puts the num- 

 ber of estabHshments devoted to the working of ivory and 

 bone at 39, giving employment to 874 men, 207 women, and 

 47 children under sixteen years. f 



In France the total value of the ivory annually used for 

 industrial purposes at the present time has been estimated 

 to be as follows : 



FRANCS DOLLARS 



Ivory combs 400,000 80,000 



Billiard balls 800,000 160,000 



Piano keys 400,000 80,000 



Toilet articles, brushes, knife-handles, etc. . . 400,000 80,000 



2,000,000 400,000 



While the greater part of this ivory is secured at the sales 

 in London, Antwerp, and to a lesser extent in Hamburg, a 

 certain quantity is brought from Abyssinia and the Sudan 

 by way of Marseilles and Bordeaux. 



Of the French firms engaged in ivory manufacture, we 

 may note for ivory combs, Gasteclau et Fils, of Paris, and 

 Jeuffroy, of Ezy (Dept. Eure); Cleret, of Ivry-la-Bataille 

 (Dept. Eure), and Lesceur, also of Ivry-la-Bataille. For 

 billiard balls, the principal manufacturers are Grillet, 

 pere et fils; Gobin, pere et fils; Marye, pere; and Henin 

 atne, all of Paris. To these we may add the three firms, 

 Grillet, pere et fils, and Couesnon, of Paris, and Thihe- 

 zart, pere et fils, of Ivry (Dept. Seine), for piano keys. 

 Knife-handles are made by Limousin and Thinet, both of 

 Paris, and fancy goods and minor art objects by the Pa- 

 risian firms Lefort Freres, Des Quesnes, and Braissart. The 

 chief importing houses for ivory are Grillet, pere et fils, 

 Zilcot & Eckeinstrin, and Gobin, pere et fils. 



To render ivory ductile all grease should first be removed 



*Dept. of Commerce and Labour, Bureau of the Census, Manufactures, 1905; Pt. IV, 

 Special Reports on Selected Industries, Washington, 1908, p. 250. 

 tibid., p. 720. 



