258 IVORY AND THE ELEPHANT 



smoothed off ; 9, a flat rasp for square rough work exclusively; 

 10-16, birkas, or chisels, for making small grooves. No. 15 

 taking the place of our gouge; 17, 18, groovers for clearing 

 small grooved work; 19-24, specimens of files and rasps; 

 25-29, various drills or barmds; 30-34, points and punches 

 for removing the dust after polishing; 35-38, randa, rabet- 

 ting plane irons, for doing ornamental work about bases 

 and also for headings. The following tools are for perfora- 

 tion work: 39, rethi, or file; 40, barma, or drill; 41, kath-kashi; 

 42, parkdr, or compasses; 43, hathouri, or hammer; 44, jpar- 

 kdr, or fixed compasses; 45, a drill-bow. It will be noted 

 that the rethi has a curved form, teeth being cut on either 

 side of the flat surface with which the filing is done; the 

 edge can be employed for cutting or filing. 



The method used in turning bangles at Tando, Sind, is 

 thus described:* 



"The piece of ivory is first peeled and made clean with 

 a hatchet. It is then fixed in a wooden frame specially 

 made for this purpose, the ends of the ivory piece being 

 fastened to two pointed iron bars on each side of the frame, 

 which is called jandi. The ivory piece is then turned with a 

 wooden shaft attached to a portion of the frame, and is 

 rounded with an instrument having a sharp end, called 

 karmno. The piece is then smoothed with an instrument 

 called mathni and is marked into lines, round in shape, with 

 an instrument called baraki. The lines so marked are then 

 separated from the piece in different layers with an instru- 

 ment called chhino. The first layer will bring out the larg- 

 est bangles, the second layer smaller ones, and so on, the 

 bangle of each layer being snatched up with the aid of an 

 instrument called piitho. Lastly, the sides of the bangle 

 are smoothed with an instrument called kimdho.^^ 



*Cecil L. Burns, "A Monograph on Ivory Carving," the Journal of Indian Art arid In- 

 dustry, Vol. IX, No. 75, July, 1901, p. 54. 



