EVOLUTION OF ELEPHANTS 833 



on a hunting expedition in the northeastern part of Siberia, 

 in August, 1900. On the steep banks of the Beresovka River, 

 an affluent of the Kolyma, he came across a large mammoth 

 tusk weighing 166 pounds, and soon after observed in the 

 same neighbourhood the well-preserved head of a mammoth 

 still retaining one of the tusks; the large tusk first found did 

 not, however, belong to these remains. Some other natives 

 declared that they had already seen this head exposed a 

 year earlier, and that the skin was even then partly de- 

 stroyed, the trunk being completely absent. On the left 

 bank of the Beresovka, where this find was made, the upper- 

 most layer, from 30 cm. to 52 cm. thick, consists of moss- 

 covered earth, then comes an earth mass from 2 to 4 

 metres in thickness, and containing fragments of stone 

 and wood as well as clumps of ice. Beneath this is a hori- 

 zontal, perpendicular ice wall. The mammoth remains 

 were embedded in the earthy layer directly above the ice. 

 An expedition under the direction of the late Prof. O. 

 F. Herz was sent out in 1901 to unearth the remains and 

 to transport them to Petrograd. This task was success- 

 fully accomplished, the fleshy parts being packed in sacks 

 filled with water which quickly froze, thus preserving the 

 flesh from decomposition during the transportion on sledges. 

 Between the teeth were remains of grasses, and the stomach 

 still contained a considerable mass of food. This mam- 

 moth was of the male sex and had not yet attained its full 

 growth; its length was about 3 metres and its height about 

 2 metres, or 6 J ft. The single tusk remaining was 1.75 

 metres long and weighed about 63 pounds. An exceptionally 

 interesting circumstance is that the results of an analysis 

 of clotted blood found between the diaphragm and the 

 stomach established the relationship of this Siberian mam- 

 moth with the Indian elephant species. Nevertheless the 

 woolly hairy covering, 20 to 30 centimetres long, clearly 



