350 IVORY AND THE ELEPHANT 



during the years 1845-1851, it is noted that in 1848 there 

 were gathered from the stratum of alluvium covering the 

 hidden glacial layer at Eschscholtz Bay eight mammoth 

 tusks "the largest of which, though broken at the point, 

 was 11 ft. 6 in. long," 21 in. in circumference at the base, and 

 weighed 243 pounds; besides this fine tusk, molar teeth, thigh 

 bones, and ribs of the mammoth were discovered.* 



The results arrived at by Maddern were confirmed in 

 1907 by Charles W. Gilmore in the course of another Smith- 

 sonian Expedition to Alaska. While mammoth remains of 

 Pleistocene age were found in the black mud accumulated 

 in the stream valleys and in the Yukon silt and Kowak 

 clays, almost all seem to be far removed from their original 

 locality. Among the few cases in which there appears to 

 be an approach to a primary disposition is the deposit 

 at Fox Gulch, Bonanza Creek, Yukon Territory, Canada, 

 at a distance of twelve miles from Dawson. At this point, 

 in a short deep gulch cut through the quartz drift, 

 covered by a thin layer of auriferous gravel, on which has 

 been deposited a thick layer of muck, were found many 

 beautifully preserved fossils, including a complete skull 

 of a mammoth and a large tusk, which protruded from 

 the face of the undisturbed muck.f An exceptionally 

 fine relic of Elephas primigenius was a skull with both tusks, 

 found in March, 1904, forty-two feet down in the muck of 

 Quartz Creek, near Dawson, Yukon Territory, Canada. t 



That the date to be fixed for the extermination of the 

 fauna whose remains are found in certain deposits cannot 

 safely be deduced from the depth at which they are found 



*Berthold Seemann, "Narrative of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Herald. During the 

 Years 1845-51, under Captain Henry Kellert, R. N.," Vol. II, pp. 34, 35. 



tCharles W. Gilmore, "Smithsonian Exploration in Alaska in 1907 in Search of Plei- 

 stocene Fossil Vertebrates," Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, part of Vol. LI, 

 Washington, 1908, pp. 14, 15; see plate IV, Figs. 1 and 2. 



JGilmore, op. cit., p. 25, PI. VII. 



