EVOLUTION OF ELEPHANTS 377 



The pose of the skeleton suggests that of an animal with 

 uplifted head on the point of walking forward. The form 

 of the tusks is of great interest as they are completely in- 

 curved and crossed, and thus appear to have been of little 

 or no use either as tools or as weapons. The back and 

 body seem relatively short when compared with the height. 

 The measurements are as follows : 



Base of tusks to drop of tail 13 ft. 3| in. 



Length of right tusk, outside curve 11 ft. 4| in. 



Height at the shoulders 10 ft. 6 in. 



Length of thigh bone or femur 4 ft. Ij in. 



Width across pelvis 4 ft. 10 in. 



One of the finest mammoth skeletons in the United 

 States is in the collection of the Field Museum of Natural 

 History in Chicago, having belonged formerly to the Chi- 

 cago Academy of Sciences. This skeleton was found in 

 1878 in Spokane County, Washington, and is remarkable 

 both for its excellent state of preservation and for its great 

 dimensions. The species is the characteristic American 

 type Elephas eolumbi* 



Several remains of the Irish mammoth are preserved in 

 the National Museum at Dublin. The more important 

 of these are a tusk dredged out of Waterford Harbour; a 

 molar from marine gravels, County Antrim; portions of a 

 skeleton from Shandon Cave, County Waterford; and a 

 number of parts of skeletons from Doneraile Cave, County 

 Cork. There is also the molar of an Irish mastodon, be- 

 lieved to have been dredged off the coast of Antrim. Sev- 

 eral molars of the English mammoth may be viewed in 

 this Museum, one from Aylesford, Kent, another from 



*Field Museum of Natural History, Publication 181. Report Series Vol. IV, No. r. 

 Annual Report of the Director to the Board of Trustees for the year 1914, Chicago, 1915, 

 p. 882, PI. IX. 



