THE SKELETON. 



25 



onic and subadult stages, and we find the skull to have arrived at u sta-c that 

 it will practically have throughout the life of the individual. This also ai)plies 

 to the rest of the skeleton. 



Fig-. 1. Basal view of the skull of Black-headed Grosbeak (Habia melanocephala) ad., 

 (^; X 2. Mandible removed. 



Fig. 2. Basal view of the skull of Spurred Towhee {Pipilo m. mcgalonyx), ad., (^; x 2. 

 Mandible removed. 



EXPLANATION OF LETTERING. 



pmx., premaxillary; A, lachrymal; )«;i"., maxillary; nix. p., maxillopalatine; /A, ptery- 

 goid; spp., secondary palatine process; ?'., vomer; //., palatine;/., jugal; sa., squamosal 

 process; ?., quadrate; 8, foramen for glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves; 17/., quadrato- 

 jugal. 



A general examination of the skull reveals to us the fact that in the sub- 

 adult individual it is composed of a number of separate parts, chief of which 

 is the cranium proper, to which are attached, anteriorly, the bones of the face. 

 Other elements at the base of cranium are free, as the quadrates and pterygoids. 

 Then there is the mandible or lower jaw, whichis always a free bone. Next 

 we have the bony framework of the tongue or the hyoidean apparatus; the 



