102 
and observant, for he will often find after exercising 
gencies, that his efforts have 
through an unpropitious season that has ruined his 
e Ina 
the leading man to be 
that his judgment may prevail in guiding important 
transactions to a safe end; in these days of rapid 
ation with all parts of the world, business 
diate acti 
that is to say, in 1894 he must have uppermost in 
his mind his requirements 4 the 5 of 1896. 
the as it were, by making 
provisional contracts in ini nce, na to such an 
extent does this system prevail, that we know of one 
firm that conducts operations on these lines to the 
extent of £100,000 annually. Then, again, he must 
be up to every movement in the market, for no other 
commodity fluctuates so much as some classes 0 
seeds; take Clover as an example, a seed that 
largely changes hands at 5 seasons on ark Lane 
— other centres in Gre . n, Europe, and 
merica. ith a keen Wi’ ust be able to 
‘iets without mnch reflection the “tnijarttlés exist- 
ing in a sample when put before him on market, to 
know without hesitation that the Clover 1 
Dodder, the Lucerne Melilotus, or the 
Fescue, Ryegrass. Smartness on these poin itd is 
sufficient to stamp him an intelligent merchant in 
the opinion of all with whom he has dealings. 
He must keep a watchful eye upon his trials for 
growth and purity of stock. Those crops which he 
places out with farmers must be sent into localities 
with | a soil upon which thay are likely to thrive, and 
y for him to have 
of vegetable phyaiology, and 90 be 
eritically tenoa of causes and effects connected 
with the chemistry of plants. All novelties, both 
vegetable an 
parison, trustin 
E 
"3 
tion to his custom 
e from a Turnip by its 
bulb or flower, one Pea as another by its habits 
xperiments in hybridising 
and cross-breeding in = Aea of being able to pro- 
duce something that w 
what large not, he must be thoroughly 
acquainted wi d seasons affecting 
different parts of world, to be 
advise customers seeking inform at to grow 
and how to grow it. If the — s of his estab- 
lished is built upon these a an some 
volume of business will ensue, for his en custom 
will place every confidence in . and h 
to succeed, Seedsman i . boand 
SOME Won ee FRODUCTS 
F POR 
Tun 3 of the sate cade of the 
zoil in Portugal, and ri sen of modern methods, 
the kingdom of Portugal that it is a matter for sur- 
p ise that its inhabitants should at any time find a 
THE GARDENERS’ 
ial 
turning her benefits to a substantia 
ar N he 9 we fiad a soil of such 
extreme fertility ‘dal a dry planted in it will 
blossom like Aaron's rod, with a purely temperate 
di tion asserts, has in on 
surface and why should it not 495 so again ? the 
wealth of both the Indies.“ 
After referring to what is described as a “ merci- 
lessly crushing customs tariff,” the writer tie 
to say that the cultivation of the soil is ham- 
pered by many deficiencies en scientific and 
material. The neglect of te measures 
combat the droughts o einer: the fondness for 
antiquated methods and instruments, the absence of 
capital, and the consequent enfeeblement of the 
spirit of enterprise, all go to hinder pet effort of 
agriculture, eke es for example, can be more 
disappointing t a visit to the ore rds in th 
nejghbourhood ae Cinta: The numberless standard 
Peach trees are seen to be laden with mature fruit 
of the consistency of cricket-balls, and quite uneat- 
able while raw. That the neglect to improve this, 
the wild Peach tree, by grafting a cultivated stock 
upon it, and in addition by pruning the trees “a by 
plucking off the superabundant fruit, 1s no leas 
exemplified in the treatment of other fruits, may be 
derived from the circumstance that a certain large 
fruit-preserving establishment in Lisbon, working in 
connection with a well-known London a is forced 
o draw all its choice material from Spa 
The following items of exports of — 3 
ucts are in i ehsa there lar 
falling off in rtation ni Zine appn Fige, 
ranges, Apples er nine Se 
rather more than balanced by a até a Lemons, and 
especially Almonds, Onions and Garlic showed a 
considerable increase, while Tomatos fell off 50 per 
£13,000 o 
d as a flourishing and satisfactory little 
industry, gained £600. The woods used in the 
anufacture of these necessary little articles are 
chiefly Willow, and secondly Orange. Manufactured 
tobacco rose to almost six times the value of that 
xported during the previous year, owing to the 
large export to the West Coast of Africa, 
NOTICES OF BOOKS, 
CONSPECTUS FLORA AFRICÆ.* 
Uxpkk this title M. Darand, 3 tant in 
Botanic G 
enumeration of all African plants. 
planned to occupy six thick octavo volumes, of which 
the fifth is the firat published, a pone volumes 
a we hope, appear in due seas nthe mean- 
me, the order of the Brelon is ih material, 
The present volume is an important 
Orchids, of which seventy- 
Under the head of 
f those 
eae la 
onspectus Hor 
que, par M. D 
Monocotyledoness 
Jardin Botanique 
@ Africe, ou Enumération des Pla * 
- Durand ., , et ans Schinz „Vol 
et Tie ene, 8vo. pp. 977, rath hi 
* 
de l'État 
CHRONICLE. 
(January 26, 1895, 
The ogren followed is that of enthan 
& Hoo Genera Plantarum, or er of 
M. Durand Index to that publication. =a we 
have . upon us in their attempt to impose 
in the case of nomenclature, which must to a large 
extent be Privacy. the same practices as are 
islands are included in the review, it is chrio that 
MM. Darand’s & Schinz’s enumeration will bs of 
very great valae for purposes of botanical geography, 
In addition to the Orchids, an enumeration is given 
of all the Liliacew, Iridacew, Amaryllidace, and 
other orders of interest to cultivators. The Com- 
melinacem and Cyperaces are arranged according to 
the monographs of Mr. C. B. Clarke, the Juneaces 
according to the revision of M. Buchenau, the Res- 
tiace according to that of Dr. Maste 
Candolle’s monographs. As to the grasses, the 
compilers have, so far as possible, 3 the 
indications of Hackel e Encepha- 
lartos Acant = Acanthus as given in 
Inder Kewensis), described in these columns in 
1878, p. 810, was subsequently referred by Mr. W. 
T. Thiselton Dy halartos Friderici 
Gulielmi of Lehmann (Nov pres: cognit stir- 
pium pugillus sextus, 1834), a fact which has 
overlooked by the compilers of a vole as also 
by the Editors of the Index Kewens 
This is, it will be seen, EE a book of refer · 
ence 3 to facilitate the researches of students, 
d fr he 
and from the careful manner in which it has been 
compiled, it will be so great a boon to them, that 
they will experience a oie of gratitude to e 
MM. Darand & Schinz every ey use 
volume. The book sey be ny at the Botanie 
. mi 8 or through Messrs, Williams & 
NORTH mE SPECIES OF Cactus, 
ANHALONIUM, AND LOPHOPHORA, - 
Under the auspices of the Division of Botany ol 
the United States Department of Agriculture for 
Washington, py been published a 5 
sion of the rth American species f Cactus 
Deere am Lophophora, by aaa John 
M. Cou 
In oe 8 of 1890 the late Dr. George Vasey, 
difficulty of preserving material, the family a 
poorly represented, even in the leading herbaria. 10 
ure a large amount of additional material in 
l e 
y of specimens and field notes, 2 
authorised to visit the region -minar 
boundary during the summer of 1891, Prelim 7 
to this exploration, it was necessary to e 
Engelmann collection of Cactacex in the * 
of the Missouri Botanical Garden at St. Lon 
collection, supplemented by the continual = 
ade at the garden, is by far the la 
of skeleton plants and living specimens in 
In March, 1891, the author pee this uc 
and made such notes as seemed necessary for 9E 
the field; and * Jane, — by we 
W. H, Evans and G. C. Nealley, he began nit ae 
in the neighbourhood of El Paso, Tan 
ten days of exploration it prep nec 1 
the field work in charge o 
tinued to work westward ripet July and à Pf 
Auguat, to Southern "E along the SO 
Pacific Railway. As a ta 
complete plants were . red, but 
re in flower, and the . 10 a 
little besides collecting stations. I 
1892 critical study of the material 
tions was begun by Dr, Elmon M. Fisher ad e 
Edwin B. Uline, who have ever since , 
stant and most i nt assistance in the 
tion of material and — demen spel 
In the spring of 1893 these two gen et 
— 
he assistant?, * d 
