394 MOUNDVILLE REVISITED. 
With post-Columbian burials, however, the paint is not always the red oxide 
of iron. Once, in a low mound in Clay County, Florida, we found two skeletons 
with flint-lock muskets, lead bullets, etc. With these was a skeleton, evidently of 
a woman, having in one hand a bit of looking-glass and in the other a mass of red 
paint. Here we had to do with distinctly post-Columbian burials—very different 
from those of Moundville. The red paint proved to be cinnabar (mercury sul- 
phide), which it is unlikely aborigines in the United States could have obtained 
before the coming of Europeans. 
One mass of glauconite, * green earth " as it is called, was found on our second 
visit. This earth, which owes its color not to copper, but to iron in the ferrous 
state, may have served as a temporary paint, oxidation being likely to impair its 
color. 
Two *hoe-shaped implements” of igneous rock were met with on our second 
visit, one with a burial, the other in ground aboriginally disturbed. One of these 
(Fig. 90) is of great beauty, having a convexity of blade and fluke-like projections 
below the shank in place of the usual ones which extend somewhat more at an 
angle. 
The * hoe-shaped implement" is a ceremonial axe, as was recognized by many 
before the publication of our paper on the subject.’ 
At our second investigation at Moundville we found a beautiful little pendant 
of shell in the form of a battle-axe (figured under * Shell" in this paper), which 
clearly shows the blade to be the “ hoe-shaped implement," even the method of 
fastening the blade to the handle being shown—thongs passing through the usual 
perforation in the stone to each side of the part projecting behind the handle. 
Another interesting feature of this little axe of shell is that a ring for suspension 
is provided at the end of the handle, as is the case with the superb monolithic axe 
and handle obtained by us at Moundville on our former visit. 
Throughout the second investigation we found thirty-one discoidal stones— 
some with burials, but a larger number in the soil apart from 
human remains—ranging in diameter between 3.7 inches and 
.95 of an inch. Few are especially well wrought; none is 
perforated or cup-shaped. One of these discoidals is of lig- 
nite. Three seem to be hematite, but are of limonite with a 
thiek coating of hematite, a natural formation after the 
making of the discoidal. One of these, on the base, shows 
an abandoned attempt to drill through, a partial perforation 
with a соге being left. Another discoidal bears the decora- 
tion shown in Fig. 91. 
Although there were found at Moundville quantities of fragments of “ celts,” 
some of which had been of considerable size when entire, no whole specimens of 
large size were met with by us. АП we found were rather crudely made. 
7) 
Етс. 91.—Discoidal stone. 
(Full size.) 
! * The so-called * Hoe-shaped Implement." Amer. Anthropologist, July-September, 1903. 
