CHAP. 2.] PHYSICAL STRUCTURE. 15 
parallel lines, or in great domes encircled by searped ridges, or of pla- 
teau form, or are scarped with long lines of precipitous cliff behind 
which are gentle and uniform slopes. The hills are flat-topped and 
scarped, or are parts of flat domes. The ridges are seldom. irregularly 
serrated. "These are the great general features, though there are apparent 
exceptions to them, as in the long eastern wall of mountain, and 
another range, further to the north in the Kistnah District. But these 
when closely looked at are found to present merely a frequent combination 
of the features detailed above. There is more or less radiate furrowing of 
the steep slopes, and there are frequent cases of irregular crest; but the 
scarps and parallel ridges are there : and, on the whole, the range is very 
different in appearance to any other long range of mountains which we 
have seen in Southern India. Some of the views given in this Memoir 
will illustrate this, especially when compared with other views of 
the scenery of crystalline rocks given in previous volumes* of these 
Memoirs. 
The shape or outline of the country has already been indicated as 
۱ توف‎ dig: that of a peninsula. A marked feature of the area 
nally bya chain of valleys. i; و‎ chain of valleys traversing it diagonally from 
north-north-west to south-south-east, and by taking this as a guide the 
remainder of the physical structure of the field may be most easily 
described. 
The long and wide Nundyall valley forms the northern half of this 
Tree A o chain, and it is crossed by the watershed between 
air valley. the Kistnah and Penn-air rivers. To the north 
it opens out into the Hyderabad territory; the Kistnah, Toongabudra, 
and Hundry all converging at this end to flow on thence as the Kistnah 
river alone, the town of Kurnool being in the angle of convergence of 
the two latter rivers. The smaller town of Nundyall is about the middle 
* Mem., Geological Survey of India, vols. lI and 14 
NET SUM 
