^ 
44 KING: KADAPAH AND KARNÜL FORMATIONS. [PART IT. 
deseribing the geology of the eountry, it seems just as well to have the 
two varieties of rock considered as different members of the one group. 
There is no intercalation of one with the other: the shales are always 
uppermost. 
These uppermost strata lie in a flat basin, or are tolerably horizontal, 
though with gentle undulations, and curve from 
T MT some short distanee up against the sloping edges 
of the basin. "There is a partieular exeeption to this shallow trough-like 
arrangement along their eastern edge, where they occasionally are rather 
crushed up in sharper undulations, which towards the Cuddapah end are 
even more strongly folded, and here it is that cleavage has been most 
strongly superinduced. In their southern portion they are very much 
cleaved, as under and east of Cuddapah town, and hence are often called 
slatesin that region. Still under Cuddapah they are generally horizontal, 
or not at very large angles of dip, so that the crushing force east of 
Cuddapah must have been so powerful (and this is shown by the lie of 
the rocks on this side) that cleavage was distributed among the beds 
much further westward from the source of force than is the case further 
up the Khoond-air valley. 
The shales are entirely confined to the Khoond-air valley and its 
northern extension, though they do not entirely 
nom cover this floor, having been denuded in great part 
on the western side about Koilkoontla, and from so much of Banaganpilly 
jaghire as lies in the valley. To the north, where the valley opens out 
towards the Hyderabad eountry beyond the Kistnah and Toongabudra, 
this sub-group thins out by denudation along, or within a short dis- 
tance of, the right bank of the first river after its having been joined by 
the latter. All round the edges of this upper member of the group the 
lower rocks are to be seen cropping up in the various nullahs, and, of 
course, largely over the western area of denudation. About the Kistnah 
and its Kurnool tributaries there is a broad exposure of the lower member 
( 44 ) 
