CHAP. 2.[ KARNÜL FORMATION.—PANEUM GROUP. 63 
have fallen down. The following sketch is of part of one of the lines 
of cliffs at the entrance of a shallow ravine west-south-west of Paneum, 
the height of the tallest mass being about 40 feet : 
kí a 
Rr ^ Lahey yi 
He e 
۲ 2 Bt 
ws 
۸ 
Fig. 7. Cliffs of pinnacled quartzites near Paneum. 
Though the pinnacled beds, and indeed the whole group, generally 
Bent-over strata of He horizontally, or nearly so, there is very often 
a round the scarps an apparent rolling down or 
bending over of the beds. This is mainly, and probably altogether, due 
to the washing out or crumbling away of a series of very soft shales 
which immediately underlies them. As the denudation or weathering has 
| gone on, these shales have been partly crushed out by the superincumbent 
weight of the thick quartzite beds, and partly carried away, when the 
cropping edge of the beds of course sunk forward, and finally rolled 
down the slope. Itis worthy of remark that this bent overlie of the 
edging beds is more peculiarly characteristic of the pinnacled beds, as is 
also the more overhanging scarp. With the lower beds there is some 
tumbled scarp occasionally, but, as a general rule, one steps down directly 
on to the,slope of the shales, which cannot always so easily be done if 
the scarp be of pinnacled beds. / 
) 6۵ زر‎ 
