108 KING: KADAPAH AND KARNÜL FORMATIONS. [PART II. 
It may be remembered that even in the Kurnool and Cuddapah 
region, viz., along. the eastern side of the 
Analogous to strata of 
limestone on east side — Khoond-air Valley, the Jammulmudgoo and Khoond- 
of Khoond-air Valley. 
air strata are more or less turned up on end 
and squeezed until the limestones in either group occasionally resemble 
each other, and, as will be hereafter seen, even some of the 
adjacent limestones of the older kapapaH are very like to these, 
and at times are superineumbent on them; so that the Palnád 
country is not without a parallel in its physical structure. In the 
Khoond-air Valley, however, there was never any doubt, except for a 
brief period, as to which were the limestones of each group respectively. 
It is possible then that the subsequent alteration and inversion 
among the strata may have been so much greater in the Palnád than 
on the east side of the Khoond valley, as to have produced this juxta- 
position of otherwise very different series of rocks. 
It is a fact, at any rate, that more than half the area of the 
Palnád is occupied by a series of rocks which 
Beds of western part ۱ 
of Palnád, nearly iden- strongly resemble the KARNULS in every way; 
NEL) TS while it will be seen hereafter im the discussion 
of the kApAPAHS that there is good ground for considering almost the 
whole, if not all the Palnád limestones, with their associated quartzites, 
as of the same formation. 
With these preliminary remarks, then, a brief account of the rocks 
of this detached area may now be given. 
In the south-west corner of the Palnád there are unmistakable red 
purple shales (calcareous) overlying earthy blue limestones, or Nundial 
shales and Koilkoontlas of the Khoond-air group. These again 
overlie quartzite sandstones which answer very well to the Plateau 
quartzites of the Paneums. Underneath these, comes another set of 
more compact and crystallized blue, pale-colored, and reddish limestones 
with occasional traces of non-caleareous buff shales uppermost, which 
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