CHAP. 5.[ KARNÜL FORMATION.—THE PALNÁD. 119 
the Karampudi limestones are possibly representatives of the Khoond-air 
group of the KARNULS. 
East of Karampudi, where the granites of the hill ridges are overly- 
ing limestones, there was inversion, by which the Waumyconda quartzites 
are folded back over the Palnád limestones. There is in these eastern 
ridges a thin series of shales and slates between the quartzites and the 
limestones, answering to the shales and slates of the left or north bank - 
of the Kistnah valley. Beneath these come the limestones of the 
eastern slopes of the western ridges. - Lower still come the quartz- 
stringed greenish slates, talcose slates, and slaty shales of the Pid- 
doogooralla stream valley, and beneath these again comes the great 
spread of Paindd limestones. 
Now, the slates of the Piddoogooralla valley are apparently those 
which overlie the Karampudi limestones ; and they are probably in this 
valley doubled on themselves, forming the nucleus of a sharp inverted 
fold, thus :— 
rro S EE ad. 
Ridge dro 
SS c NE 
y* 
Fig. 15. Theoretical section of eastern part of Palnad, south of the high road from Nakarikallu to 
Hyderabad. /1— Jwmmulinudgoos (KARNULS). qi— Kistnah beds (KADAPAHS). 
Under this view, the whole of the Palnád limestones belong to the 
KARNUL series. 
The slates and slaty shales of the Piddoogooralla stream valley, and 
in fact of the whole of this side of the Palnád, owe their ancient and 
KADAPAH-like aspect to the influence of the crushing forces that produced 
0 BIST.A) 
