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128 KING: KADAPAH AND KARNUL FORMATIONS. [PART III. 
sufficient, with what is seen along the northern edge, to give reason 
able grounds for believing the groups on either side of the faulted break 
to be the same. 
The KADAPAHS were deposited apparently in a great gulf, the 
western shores of which are still extant, very nearly 
MAG E to their ancient limits; but the eastern shores and 
their strata have almost completely disappeared, having been greatly 
crushed up, abruptly cut off by a series of faults, and very much denuded. 
This latter edge of the formation is then a sharp and abrupt one, running 
generally in a nearly north and south line. Along this line also the 
strata generally dip right at the crystalline rocks outside, instead of, as 
on the western side, shelving easily up against what was once a roughly 
undulating sea bottom. 
With this crushing or squeezing up and faulting of the strata along 
the eastern side of the country, there has been a correspondingly enormous 
amount of undulation and reduplication, until it is often almost impossible 
to make out what sets of strata are every now and then coming to light, 
especially when it is considered that there is not the slightest paleonto- 
logical evidence to fall back upon. 
As a consequence to a great extent of all this squeezing and 
crushing, and of the constitution of the rocks, there is a large develop- 
ment of slates over the eastern half of the field, while the sandstones 
(quartzites) even are occasionally very much cleaved. 
On the other hand, the strata of the western side are lying tolerably 
easy, and there is only a very poor show of slates, the non-arenaceous 
rocks being in the condition of shales or slaty shales. 
An eastward dip is maintained in a general way throughout the 
whole area of the xapaPAHs, though there is 
NU weak much folding and reduplication ; the foldings are 
often doubled over, which of course reduces the thickness otherwise 
deducible from the apparently persistent dip. In addition to this, 
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