CHAP. 9.] KADAPAH FORMATION.—PAUPUGNEE BEDS. 149 
"Toongabudra, and a thick sub-group of slates and limestones, of which 
the bottom of the long valley behind the scarp is made up. 
The quartzites are essentially sands and grits with bands of con- 
Character of Goo]. glomerate and pebble beds: while there are inter- 
EU GEGGIG calated sandy shales, flaes and slates of variable 
thickness. The strata are lying for the most part tolerably easily on 
what must have been an undulating, or not very roughly denuded, floor of 
granitoid gneiss; and so the boundary, from Goolcheroo northwards, is a 
natural one except for a short distance near Ramulkota* where the hitherto 
regular outcrop is broken and displaced by the Gunnygull line of fault. 
This boundary line between the Goolcheroo quartzites and the 
CRYSTALLINES lies nearly the whole way to within a few miles of Kurnool, 
along the bottom of a more or less cliffy scarp below which is the 
rough slope of the older rocks. The exceptions to a searped outline are 
naturally at the passages of the different rivers, of which there are five, 
through the western hills. 
The cliffs of the scarp are grandest between the Paupugnee and 
Gooleheroo, where they must attain a height of two hundred feet; but 
they soon dwindle down to 60 or 70 feet as they are followed west and 
north, and are then often a mere step of 8 or 10 feet, as Kurnool is 
neared. | 
There is some evidence that the lowest beds of this sub-group along 
the northern part of this outcrop, or from Poopallat northwards, has 
been to a certain extent altered along with the subjacent CRYSTALLINES. 
Or, in other words, they have apparently been baked, or cemented into 
one mass with the granitoid rock in, contact with them. 
The lower beds are generally exceedingly coarse conglomerates 
which are often full of pebbles and shingle of red and black jaspers, the 
* Eighteen miles south by west of Kurnool. 
+ Chey-air, Chitt-air, Paupugnee, Chittravutty, and Penn-air. 
i Four miles north of the passage of the Penn-air. 
( 349 ) 
