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CHAP. 5.] KADAPAH FORMATION.—KISTNAH BEDS. 245 
of quartz which are so very strong to the south of this. Mr. Foote 
says, writing of the ridges south of Cumbum :— 
* As soon as the southern extremities of these valleys are attained, a great change 
in the appearance of the slate formation is observable in the presence of great 
numbers of veins of milk-quartz, many of which are of large size. "These are almost 
entirely wanting in the northern spread of Cumbum slates, * * *. These veins 
occur from the south end of Moaksheegoondum hills down to the Porenaumla 
and Budvail valley; but the greatest development of them occurs a few miles south 
of the Moaksheegoondum hills." 
At the same time, Mr. Foote says, that the mineral charaeter of the 
slates does not change. This last point does not, however, affect the 
question much, as the slates on either side of the fault belong to the 
same series: the difference being that to the north of the line the 
slates of Cumbum are lower beds of the series, while those to the south 
are higher. In fact, the slates of the western side of the Porenaumla 
or Kullsapad valley would seem to be the same as those of Cumbum, the 
upper ones having been denuded. 
Lastly, the undulation of the Moaksheegoondum ridges is complete, 
while that of the Kullsapad ridges is not so; the most easterly of the 
latter being cut off abruptly at the northern end, which could not have 
been alone the result of denudation. "There is a ridge north of the easterly 
one, which looks like a continuation of it; but if it be, its apparent run 
into the Unkalumma ridge of beds, which are the same as those of the 
main hill-mass to the east, is just as inexplicable as the fact of the quart- 
zites of the great ridge east of Kullsapad overlying the slates, while they, 
if they are the same, underlie these slates in Davurconda. The junction of 
this apparent continuation of the Chowky ridge with Unkalumma is not 
at all clear, and there is much fracturing and crushing of the beds as well 
as a rectangular twist in their strike at the southern end of Unkalumma. 
The slates are dipping regularly under the quartzites of the Yella- 
conda up to Yerragoonta village; and they are overlying the quartzites at 
the head waters of the Muddavapully stream. There must then either have 
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