432 SOME ABORIGINAL SITES. 
and also probably some of the winged stones, were not ceremonial or ornamental 
but had a definite praetieal use. Exactly what this use was, however, un- 
fortunately we are unable positively to determine. 
Along part of Green river, Ky., and particularly in “The Indian Knoll," 
Ohio County, were found by us objects of antler, hooked at one end and having 
a cavity in the other end, in which sometimes was asphalt," used for fastening 
something introduced into the cavity. These objects, all that were found by 
us except eight? too fragmentary for restoration, are shown in Figs. 4, 10, 12, 13. 
Usually in intimate association with these hooked implements of antler 
were found, in nearly every instance where the hooked implements were present, 
as exactly described later in this report, other objects, some of antler (most of 
which were made from the base of the horn), some of stone. 
These objects of stone and of antler evidently were employed for the same 
purpose, sometimes those of stone being with the hooked implements, as were 
sometimes those of antler. Each has a longitudinal perforation of considerable 
diameter. The objects of stone, which would be called banner stones and 
regarded as belonging to the ornamental or ceremonial class were their associa- 
tion at this place unknown, are oblong in outline or of some similar form, a few 
being of the winged variety. They are carved with the utmost care,’ as а 
rule almost flat on one side, somewhat convex on the other, and having on the 
convex side a slight ridge extending longitudinally along the median line. The 
material for their making was evidently carefully selected, some being of stone 
rich in coloring, including quartz, flint, chaleedony, and a silicious material 
closely resembling jade.‘ A few of the objects of antler have the rough, original 
surface and perhaps were unfinished. 
1 Dr. Н. Е. Keller writes: “The material ‘from cavity in needle from Burial 84,’ Indian Knoll, 
is asphaltum mixed with a large proportion of mineral matter. It melts readily, burns with a bright 
flame, and the pitch is readily extracted with solvents like chloroform, carbon bisulphide and turpen- 
tine. The ash amounts to about 70 per cent., and consists of a ferruginous clay, and a considerable 
proportion of phosphate of lime.” Asphalt is at present found in quantity near Green river, not far 
from “The Indian Knoll," where it is taken out for commercial purposes. The aborigines probably 
used it as they found it, without attempt at refining. 
? Belonging to Burials Nos. 34, 84, 87, 105, 115, 211, 219, 251, all from “Тһе Indian Knoll." 
3 The following quotation is of great interest, showing as it does the high esteem in which sizers 
used in net-making, which it is likely these objects were, were held among Papuans and perhaps explains 
the importance attached to them at ‘‘The Indian Knoll.” 
* Besides the netting сога . . . the only tool used is the mesh-block. This is a thin block of 
hard wood rasped into shape, and, since these tools are treasured as heirlooms, together with inter- 
minably long rhythmical recitals of the wonderful takes of fish made by nets fabricated on each block, 
the wood most commonly employed is the very dense and hard iron-wood (Casuarina equisetifolia). 
It is highly polished and usually ornamented upon the ends with property marks, showing the exo- 
gamous marriage class and gens of the owner, which here take the place occupied by tribal distinctions 
among the endogamous races." William Churchill, “Reef Knot Nets," Popular Science Monthly, 
vol. XL, p. 84. 
4 Of course no slides for microscopical examination have been cut from these sizers, but tests as 
to specific gravity and hardness have been made. Mr. Е. J. Keeley writes: “As far as I was able to 
judge from physical appearance and hardness of the objects, I felt confident they were jade, but 
