296 
THE GARDENERS’ 
CHRONICLE. 
[SaprzukkR 14, 1895, 
necessity of e samina his grant. The educational 
roblem retires he background. “The 
3 of the observant fruition.” and the 
Test t of the Henslowian К. must give way to 
aminar 
candidates equipped with C T the minimum of 
text-book formulas reproducible on paper. I do not 
speak in this matter without painful experience. 
The most astute examiner is cere by the still 
tive еа. of the 
ot 
Batterc The training of —— t has p by 
the board, and the exercise of mere memory has 
taken its place. But a table of 3 т а 
m ld e thi rpose equally 
well Let I do not despair of Henslow's work still 
bearin The examination system will collapse 
from the sheer impossibility of carrying it on beyond 
& certain point.  Freed from its trammels, the 
teacher will have greater scope for individuality, 
and the result of his labours will be rewarded after 
some cl system of inspection. are ere I 
may claim rt from an — ected q 
Gladstone pde recently written toa E же 
— I think that = neglect pt baton LN in ee 
its multitude of b est defect 
our old syatem of ке tort a icti uh эн 
that little or nothing has been done by way of 
remedy for that defect in the attempts made to alter 
or reform that system.“ Iam sure that the impor- 
tance and weight of this testimony, coming as it 
does from one whose training and sympathies have 
са 
y some revival of Henslow’ 8 methods, Ijudge 
schools, amounti e hundreds, for 
zurplus specimens from ew museums, With- 
out а special machinery for the purpose I cannot do 
and haps i А have 
much, and perhaps 
willingly done what was possible, and from the letters 
I have vii I m that the labour hasnot been 
wholly miss 
MuvusEUM ARRANGEMENT, 
This leada me to the last branch of Henslow’s 
scientific work on which I am able to touch, that of 
the arrangement of IER 3 xar which 
being. local have little meani ose 
aspects of the question, his ideas 
in some measure by Edward Forbes, were not merely 
far in advance of his times, but were essentialy sound, 
And here Icannot help remarking that the zoolo- 
ot know how far Sir William 
Mich аот. would admit the in- 
fluence of Henslow’s ideas, But, so far as m 
knowledge goe Iam not aware that, at any rate in 
pe, there is anything to be seen in public mu- 
to the educational work ассош- 
at the College of S. and the 
| um, and by the other at 
T have often thought it singular that in botany we 
have not kept pace in this matter with our brother 
naturalists. І donot doubt that E E morpho- 
and a vast number of important facts in evolu- 
tion, as illustrated from the vegetable kingdom, 
might be presented to the eye ina 3 way in 
& care пча др museum, e most succesaful 
excited the warm admiration of the French bota- 
nists, who always appreciate the clear illustration of 
morphological facts. 
Or» School or Narurat History. 
If the old school of natural hiatory Ed which Hen- 
slow in his day was a living spirit is at present, as 
seems to be the case, continually E its hold 
bow us, this has certainly not been due to its want 
value авап educational discipline, or to its sterility 
0 knowledge. 
R 
minded of ‘the older bes ero rather than of the 
modern school of w was & naturalist in 
the old sense of the wohl. that d a man who works 
at many branches of science, not merely a specialist 
in one." This is no doubt true, but does not exactly 
hit off the distinction between the hind of study 
which has gone out of fashion and that which has 
come in, The older workers in biology were occu- 
pied mainly with the external or, at any rate, grosser 
features of organisms and their relation to surround- 
ing conditions; the modern, on the other hand, are 
3 on the study of internal and intimate struc- 
ork in the laboratory, with its necessary 
imitations takes the place of research in the field, 
One may almost, in fact, say that the use of the com- 
pound microscope divides the two classes, Asa 
Gray has compared Robert Brown with Darwin as 
the two British naturalists ” who have, more than 
any others, impressed their influence upon science in 
the nineteenth century." 
speak ав if there were some necessary antagon 
MR the old and the new studies, Thu us : haro 
he Б 
— as a curse, and а no less distinguished n mor- 
phologist speak of a herbarium having i 
place on a bonfire, 
in the case of Darwin himself it is certain that if his 
earlier work may be said to rest solely on the older 
At our last meeting 
Pfeffer eee one of his latest and most impor- 
tant observations. 
The case Tes Robert Brown is even more striking. 
He is equally great whether we class him with the 
older or the modern school. In fact. ,80 far as botany 
in this country is concerned concerned, he may be r regarded as 
the founder of the latter, Tt is to him that we owe 
the ure of the ovule — 
its K аы into — seed, 
tant w the disc 
steps towards this result, which 
was elearly er out by "o cer le 
years later, were secure Bro 
searches, and he w Bà incidentally led to mt те- 
searches by some diate in the construction о 
the seed ч p^ n genus" Yet it may be 
remembered that үе his career as naturalist 
to — expedition for — exploration of Aus- 
* Proc, R. S., xliv., xvii, 
t Nature, x. 80, 
History, 142 
MEME 
tralia, He returned to Eagland with 4 = " for the 
And these 
4 — 
was better scutum during that time in Germany 
than in any other c yo 
Морквх Scnoor, 
The real founder of the modern teaching in this 
country in both branches of biology I c: doubt 
was Carpenter. The first edition of his 
Huxley t in regarding it as by far the beat general 
survey of the whole field of life and of the broad 
principles of biology which had been n produced np 
to the time of its publication. Indeed," he adds, 
е although the fourth md is now in many respet 
out of date, I do no w its equal for breadth 
of view, sobriety of positus and accuracy of 
detail.“ 
* 
— 
rse of instruction in 
zoology at Oxford in which the structures described 
his r 
instruction on the same lines for the vegetab'e 
kingdom 
That the development of the new teaching was 
inevitable can hardly be doubted, and I for my part 
am not di 
i ous, one certainly it was not. 
expected, that it км о 
ground from under the fet of the ps natum] — 
history studies, The consequences 
serious, mt I think it is worth while pe | 
them ou $ 
Ina "à empire like our own there is а good deal 
t the Vet time the nira 
foreign mission, I should add that he had Віш 
been trained in the old way :— 
“Ihave had my time, and must leave to Mr 
men the delight of working these interesting ge. 
Such chances never will occur again, for roads вт 
now being made and ways cut in the jane e У 
forest, and you have at hand sli sorts Ot б is 
Loc. cit., 139, 140. 
Memorial Sketch, 81. 
