366 
from the division of Botany. It deals with forage 
s, its function being to instruct 
nt 
and familiarise the people with the habits and uses 
introduce promising 
cultivation, and to identify ali dirae and forage 
lants which may b nt the p 
Professor Lamson 8 
anisin 
pen forest policy. 
home the fact that in some things our Am 
cousins pes got & long way ahead of us, Nateral 
Science 
ROTATION OF CROPS FOR THE 
GARDEN. 
NE of the most exhausting systems of soil culti- 
T 
the work чай етен cultivating and harvesting 
over a greater period of time, so that a smaller force 
of labour es là d eare for more crops in 
the aggregate than when limited to the short season 
adapted to e gor. The labour on both farm and 
garden pmi ge when а 
variety of is grown than when but one is 
planted, Dr. Ct ак О. Flagg, Director of the Rhode 
Island А Station, has called 
sation to tala fact nthe sixth annual Report of 
the atation. 
In — opinion of most gardeners the one thing 
needful for the successful pr ee of crops is an 
сеи supply of stable manure, though of late 
ye value of artificial fertilisers has also been 
MM 
The growing of profitable crops without the use of 
some manurial help i is not to be thought of. At the 
same time it 
practical and economical methods which must be 
brought play in the production of crops, 
or example, manuring m stand on the same 
level - cision on, drainage, and rotation of crops. 
The old-fashioned system of cropping in rotation 
has, however, by the very force of circumstances Кан 
almost entirely superseded both on п the farm and i 
the garden 
The idea. that the intelligent arrangement e crops 
into a rotation increases the annual yield and helps 
improve and preserve 
new one, 
the fertility of the soil is not a 
to the days of modern horti- 
is followed in the 
have 
eue. ar н» 
he has to to provide vegetables, 
sale has to consider the markets 
frequently happen that some kinds must be produced 
in —＋ ee and in untimely seasons, 
mary reasons for rotation are found in the 
soil, € the different mere for food which the 
vari 
ous crops make upon it, as well as difference in 
core dn = various plants to бойы their food. The 
soil se the plant, and furnishes а 
з whi ch it may send its roots for food 
: 2 residue is 
Totius, U el "чуй ia e according to 
ia generally due to the presence of 
matter—deenying leaves, ateme and Б 
THE GARDENERS’ 
уй {һе ваше e in th 
me proporti 
litter from stable * This por- 
e | е larger pan 
of plant-food, what 
ever fertiliser is 
& 
falling leaves, &c. i 
As plants differ widely in their habit of — 
above ground, во is there a differe below 
deep into the subsoil, and draw their supplies of food 
from the lower portions of the soil. i 
deep-rooted plants grow upon supplies entirely 
ee the reach E those having a shallow-rooted 
system ; and herein we find a strong reason for the 
ане of crops. ae arger crops can be produce ed v 
а 3 combination of shallow and deep - roo 
Again, plants in their ability E 
secure а sufficient supply of food from the same soil. 
It is well known that the Cabbage tribe will thrive 
n much too poor to grow & good crop of 
0 
tubers obtained per acre is consistent in showing how 
large is the amount of manure N ed in proportion 
to the quantity of produce ob 
ha Кт тт ИИ power to 
of certain elements, lack the 
power to extract the small quantity of some other 
ingredient mentia to its growth. The white Turnip 
and Radishes a well-known illustration, in that 
fertilisers or manures containing a relatively large 
amount of soluble phosphates always give the 
a low m of assimilatin 
soil, а ess 2 liberal соса of t ишен.) is 
ee | in a soluble form the crop is pat 
In 55 5 grad pni e deli — feeders 
should b в full of available 
plant od? e be followed E^ x ong feeders which 
will secure and use food left by the preceding crop. 
For instance, Potatos may follow Peas, and lat 
Turnips succeed Potatos. When y crop is 
removed from the soil it carries certain elements of 
fertility with it, and repeated removals of € vet 
erop without manuring will sooner or later 
most soils of those ж во that further harenae 
tion of that crop will be unprofitable, The soH i 
said to be worn 1 — portion of land alone, 
and very quickly i cul grow up to weeds and 
cim Natare begins the slow pro cess of restor- 
ondi 
variety of wild plants. of some of 
these plants is Nature’s contradiction as to the worn- 
out condition of the soil, and proves that the 
soil is worn out only as relating to the plants 
the same or about 
the sa А. very interesting illustra- 
tion of this fact is to be found in one of the Rotham- 
sted experimenta, & land 
seed itself since 1882, At the 
are found on this portion. of land representatives of 
t A I. Ф 
d 1а 
twen 8, The 
are made up of forty-six genera and fifty-one species, 
The fifty-one species consist of twenty-two annuals, 
two biennials, and twenty-seven perennial plants, 15 
is also a significant fact that grasses which are of the 
same botanical order of plants as Wheat, do not 
selves and grow with great vigour, producing flower 
and pe^ de abundance, No cultivated leguminous 
as sown here for the t 
en] pean inc: 
earn from this i Sama о i minerals 
of die. soil which ar the successful 
growth of balénisod sheer still Pel in үе" 
quantity, whilst the nitrogen which is the ingredient 
CHRONICLE. 
[б8крткмвев 28, 1895, 
and therefore the grasses are poor for lack of 
able food, A good system of rotation wi Pier 
cultivation would go far toward pun. pot. 
poning the evil ah E b 
so essential for cereal crops has become 1 > 
The same elemen e in the м food for | 
stated in pounds in the table. The second E 
of the diagram illustrates what would be removed 
from the soil by takin vbt p be . the refuse op 5 
unsaleable portions of thes sec ! 
Chemical Constituents contained in One Ton of Marketable 
Produce send the Tun? Crops. Сиа in Ponds 
2 T 
op 8 5 | pr 54 Чел, 
Constituents. 338 23 Erri E £3 ү ği 
ao | оа ЕЗ бю ад ag 
1. | 1b. | Ib. ib. Ib "ШШ 
Nibopéhe ue] 582] 03 | o4 | т | 15 08 
Phosphoric 
acid а. o 1 а E. 
9 6 711 | 113 
Potash E | 13 
| | ; | 2 2 Еви 
H | А Ex emn 80 8 5 3 
contin, $2 2322 Fe T 
Е Em | On és DS BB 2 
| n iss 
Nitrogen Apa 
| il "19 
Phosphoric ||. | E 
acid woh loo? op % И 
Potash =. 10 4 * | WR. 2 
mparison of the figures € that there isi 
646 variation in tbe amounts of plant- ' 
abstracted from the soil by паў pec then 
" " 
sub- soil, while it is able to We some 
able portion of its nitrogen fro | 
through the friendly We which a И 
the nodules upon the roots. The large mass жт, 
left to decay within the soil, and that of moat of the 
unsaleable portion of the crop (the haulm) 
should be returned to the land, adds to the qoni 
of organic matter, while the mineral elements st г 
left near the surface for the use of other crop 
that, instead of an exhausting crop, Re 
leguminous plants, are en the | 
atoll түтүк da be grown, and hence ai : 
observed that Peas and Bea 
on ушы soils that му. reat 
batances fa 
on cle 
ea 
Crops which draw heavily upon the supply gor I 
phorie acid in the soil should E эг е 
which require but little of this elemen". A | 
Cultivation and stirring the soil frequent 
A 
