868 
ТНЕ 
GARDENERS’ 
CHRONICLE. 
(SEPTEMBER 28, 1895, 
of the subsoil accounts for a good deal of what 
appears to be inexplicable. Sudden variations in the 
lower strata may cause a warm soil to become sud- 
denly cold and wet at a particular spot, or be the 
means of fertility being replaced by poverty, thus 
checking and retarding growth. All these uncertain- 
planti 
rence of blanks and failures is always anticipated 6 
some extent, and we are usually снб. i - oce 
results are good. Where "е! e par 
ticularly wanted, as in the of an avenue, 15 
ever, the success of a tree, or a 2 М Ану on а Certain 
site, is ofte important matter, N E — 
the appearance a a short avenue more 
un ees here and there along its A. erik 
ing, as Pai do, that 8 which we look for in a 
In long avenues, alight i 
are inevitable, and do not 3 with the general 
ect, i 
may also be observed, Most persons, again, 
ian pom ниб: kinds of trees, and 
planting, naturally wish them to be represented as 
much as possible, whether the soil and situation are 
wee or not. While in most cases, therefore, 
species which are evidently not at home may be 
aora" редә planting, or removed when already 
present, there may be other cases where it may 
be worth while to take some trouble in order to 
8 Wafer itae conditions of soil or situation. 
Нот may be done depends, of course, upon 
the cnn which it is germ к bring about or 
to rem ease may be, any instances the 
diim. Aline is at эы тонн through its cold 
e or inclination to the sun. The native 
habitat and c istics of growth of introduced 
they usually receive, Our summers are, as a 
rule, highly to the growth of M s of 
trees; but ou springs and autumns are too 
treacherous and uncertain fo ensure the uninjured 
growth of the young shoot i rmer, and its 
his fact 
may be traced, as when either of these conditions 
repeatedly fail, the free growth and characteristic 
form of the tree are destroyed, Most of the Conifers 
€ Pet gem liking plenty of moisture both in 
eair and soi providing m in the latte. 
ER Mai atter is not 
genera Picea and Abies, both of which are mostly 
natives of к regions 
climates. F 
either on a north slope, 
by other trees from the mo and afternoon 
By reason of ita deeper root Remo the genus Abies 
: is better able d drought and surf, 
die neces. 
ten be made by the addition and 
clay, "7 leaf- mould, &c., with the 
roundings, and further help may be dispensed with. 
The warmth and moisture of the soil can also be 
regulated to а great extent by drainage, rough stone 
drains, a foot or 18 inches below the surface, being 
sufficient to aórate the soil, and prevent stagnation, 
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organic acid, is present, tha 
absence from the am of one or more of the . 
Loc m of pla 
The excessive ее of any element сап be 
8 by the addition of lime or leaf- mould, 
accordi ing as the excess is acid or alkaline in its 
; but as this is o - practicable on a small 
scale, the ultimate result of such work is rarely 
satisf However cella & patch of soil may 
‘be prepared, the roots are su ush out beyond 
it, and get into the tefle. ni beyond, In 
such cases, it is only waste of t to E t trees 
which eee unsuited to the 22 and only a 
careful choice of species will have bor Ae 
resu 
Both on dry and shallow or on unsuitable soils of 
any kind, much may be done by mulching or top- 
dressing the surface to modify or contract unfavour- 
able conditions, Almost any kind of loamy or leafy 
soil, o den wm or turf parings will do for 
the better, The soil should be lightly — ‘ato 
the surface, but not so much o disturb the 
roots to any great extent. Mulchings ot 1 e or 
short grass are also useful in retaining moisture, and 
improving the mechanical and physical on of 
he 
roken and un sightly. 
This can Ait avoided, however, by removing the tur 
and old surface soil to a depth of a few inches, and 
replacing the former after some good, new loam has 
There й is ite doubt that the freshness and vigour 
f all speci trees might be greatly increased 
by the timely 1 of suitable soils and composts 
to the surface, instead of leaving them to take their 
chanee of growing, lingering, or dying. 4. С, Forbes, 
© 
NURSERY NOTES, 
MESSRS, Т. RIVERS & SON, SAWBRIDGE- 
WORTH. 
Prowasty fruit gossip is never indulged in more 
mber and Octo 
freely than in the months of Septe 
The varying conditions Of soil and climate have 
raised and 
times gp season, but now the result is no 
longer the ied of са ог anxiety—the 
time has come w ns may be 
uired to harvest the 
itself fi 
been а оза, one—at — ere are few rah 
8 who will be disposed to complain in regard 
to it. A week or so ago the visitor might have seen 
an excellent crop of Apples at the Sawbridgeworth 
nurseries of Messrs, T 
pect of these 
и а & may be less interesting than the 
Maurice and study of the young fruit trees of every 
description that are being grown for distribution, it 
T one worthy 0 remark in pas 
create d 
others to * mis for profit, but bd find it more 
easy to grow trees than their produce ata profit, 
Mr, Rivers might вау,“ But I practise both; ш uch 
of the pee that can be spared is ae with trees 
in ordinary orchard method, for the v of 
ar fruit for marketing.” Mr, Rivers is indeed 
a market-grower as well a 
very large extent varieties which 
seed by Mr, Rivers himself, or his late 
are toa 
raised from 
d 
ing from this part of the business to that of - 
cares raising for distribution, the culture jg 
fruit cultur d for extraordinary results in the 
raising of seedling varieties of fruit, t. 
of domestic fruits, are grown in very large numbers, 
Different formed trees, suitable for orchard culture, 
or for the garden, and even the genet vi 
abound, and Агт ye. they re 
trees are in d for orchard алас or half- 
standa rds, pem pyramids or bushes, or for plant- 
ing at the foot of walls, as well as the differently 
trained espalier trees, is such as has been found by 
long and wide experience to be best, and the young 
trees look well and healthy, It is hardly needful to 
say that all good standard varieties are included in 
the collection, but in addition to these there may be 
ivers’ Codlin, 
excellent for purposes, lar; arge size, 
attractive colour, rich in flavour, 256 firmer in flesh 
fruit can be used 
st similar to Irish Peach, 
rather earlier, may be mentioned, 
Pear trees are looking in the best of health; 
many of the youngest trees have made quite 
growth, others are a little shorter, owing to the dis- 
actual facts in September, the result is surprising. 
The pyramidal system of training is very popular at 
applied to Pears, and numerous good examples of 
this style are noticed, but for many kinds no training 
han the bush. Amongst an 
ex nt lot 
Cordons looked very fine. In June these trees ars 
looked over, and the more robust shoots pe to 
four or five buds, leaving all others ке: Beg in 
October all the shoots are pruned down 
h is the pruning that Mr. Rivers’ pipe 
p 
eyes, Such dis 
successful, Potes of the seedlings raised at ы el 
nursery are among the best kinds in commerce 
include Conference deni Dr. Hogg, Beacon, В 
Magnate . Hogg and Beacon require to 
double- има, but Pes p attention they gire 
abundant satisfaction, 
Taking the 
and 
" 
. 
~ 
te average 
of trees intended for walls and espaliers, 
fin 
Plums can only be placed second in importance к. 
Apples, and the growth upon these) better io 
than that on any of the fruit trees if we except ; 
Cherries, Mr. Rivers has raised pese varieties 
value, Jf dessert varieti 
Grand Duke, Late Rivers, Monik 
Early Favourite; and of kitchen varieties, 
Prolific, Late Prolific, Sultan, Autumn 
Blue Prolific, and Bittern, Early 
Gage is earlier by about ten days t 
Tr. 
han the old 
a — — — 
Transparent, but fruits of Golden Transparent 8 
Late Transparent were still hanging, 
rich fruits they were. We 
upon several young trees, at present without 
name. The fruits were quite hard, will ripe? 
ctober, an 1 ар 
u 
and out has been Jong gathered, 
Lo 
"An тийе e, 
