10 Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis 
farms of the community fall, in general, into two major cate- 
gories. The first of these comprises what might be called "ma- 
turely-developed'' farms. A normal farm of this sort occupies 
about 160 acres, but of this only a relatively small amount, 
about 50 acres, is in crops. Some 80 acres is used for pasture — 
either woodland or partially cleared land, on which stumps, rocks, 
and brush still remain. Almost none of the pasture is on land 
which has ever been cultivated. There is likely to be some marshy 
land on which wild hay is cut — perhaps 10 or 20 acres, although 
w 
this varies greatly from farm to farm. The remainder of the 
acreage is wald land, usually covered with scrub forest, from 
w^hich some firewood is obtained. 
The leading crop on these farms is hay, usually a mixture of 
timothy, red clover, and alsike, which are w^ell adapted to the 
climate and the acid soils. Alfalfa is less common. Hay crops 
occupy something over a third of the crop land. The remaining 
plowland is normally divided nearly equally between corn and 
various small grains. Corn cannot be depended on to mature In 
this climate, and most of it is cut green, and made into silage. Of 
the small grains, oats are grown in greatest amount, WMth barley 
a poor second. There may be a few acres of w^heat, buckwheat, 
or flax, and on some farms, where the soil is very sandy, rye is 
the chief small grain. There is likely to be an acre or two of 
potatoes, but rarely more than that on any one farm. 
The normal system of crop rotation is to plant a field in 
small grain the year after it has been used for corn. Hay is 
sown with the grain, which serves as a nurse crop, and during 
the following year, sometimes two years, the field remains in hay, 
after which it is plowed and planted in corn. Only rarely does 
use of the field for pasture enter into the rotation ; there is too 
much land suitable only for pasture, and too little cropland to 
permit this. 
It will be observed that the typical maturely-developed farm 
which is being described is organized for the production of for- 
age and fodder for livestock, doubtless because these are the 
