12 Transactions of the Academy of Science of St, Louis 
crops least unsuited to the climate and soils. The livestock which 
consume these products are daily cattle ; every normal farm has 
its herd of ten or so cows. There may be a few hogs, and ex- 
ceptionally, some sheep. The concentration on dairying, and the 
neglect of other types of livestock farming, reflects the type of 
feed crops which can be grown. Fattening beef cattle (and hogs) 
requires a rather high percentage of concentrates — corn and 
small grains — in the feed, but dairy cattle can use a greater 
amount of roughage, i, e., hay, corn silage, and corn fodder. 
Since the community does not produce an adequate amount of 
concentrates even for its dairy herds, and must import corn and 
other grains for feed, fattening beef cattle is out of the question. 
Dairy cattle also require a good deal more labor than most 
livestock; this profitable employment for the farmer is advan- 
tageous on these farms, with their small acreage of cropland. 
Since there is only a small market for fresh milk, and since 
4 
no cheese is made, the chief source of income on the normal farm 
is from the sale of cream, which is manufactured into butter at 
one of the several creameries scattered throughout the commun- 
ity. The butter is sold, for the most part, in eastern markets. 
Many 
farms are attractive and 
even prosperous-looking. The farmstead is always dominated by 
a great barn, often well built and well painted, with a tower-like 
silo at the end. The farmhouse itself is likely to be small and 
even dilapidated, however — perhaps only of one story, and 
covered with tar paper (Fig. 3). 
The second major type of farm in the community is less 
easily generalized about than the maturely-developed type just 
discussed. "Primitive" is the best one-word characterization t>f 
these farms, and the term "jack-piners" which is commonly ap- 
plied to their occupants, Is an apt one, Implying as It does a lo- 
cation on wild land, and wild land of a rather poor sort, to boot. 
These primitive farms are smaller than the maturely-devel- 
oped ones. A normal example may have 120 acres of land (al- 
