The Embryology of Heterodontus japonicus 681 



general, the dentition resembles that of a half'grown specimen of H. phillipi. The anterior 

 teeth of my adult female H. quoyi are tricuspid with the middle cusp prominent; but the 

 anterior teeth of my young male specimen are quincuspid. 



HETERODOHTUS FRAHCISCI GIRARD 



This species has been taken off the coast of California and the western coast of 

 Mexico — especially in the Gulf of California. It was first described by Girard (1856). 

 The external form of the body has been figured by Maclay and Macleay (1879); Jordan 

 and Evermann (1900, Fig. 9, pi. HI); Jordan (1905, vol. 1, Fig. 315); Daniel (1934, Fig. 17); 

 Kumada and Hiyama (1937, pis. 44 and 45). The best figures are probably those 

 of Kumada. His figures of a 540'mm. female are reproduced as Text'figures 18 and 19. 



Girard's description of Heterodontus francisci (which he calls Cestracion francisci) is 

 limited to a single paragraph, which I quote in full: 



The largest of these specimens now before us, and measuring nearly two feet, bears a very 

 strong resemblance to C. phillipi, though of a somewhat more bulky appearance. The bony 

 ridge, above the eye, is much more developed, and the fins are larger also. The posterior 

 margin of the caudal is bilobed instead of being rounded : an emargination corresponding to the 

 top [sic] of the vertebral column. The anal is placed farther back; its tip projecting beyond 

 the anterior margin of the inferior lobe of the caudal. The posterior extremity of the ventrals 

 [pelvics] extends beyond the anterior margin of the second dorsal. Color, above yellowish' 

 gray, darker in the young; beneath light yellow. Small roundish-black spots are spread all 

 over the body and fins. 



Girard's comparison of the caudal fin of H. frayicisci with that of H. phillipi is based 

 on Lesson's erroneous figure. The emargination corresponds to the tip, not the "top", of 

 the vertebral column. 



Some other points in which this species differs from H. phillipi are mentioned by 

 Maclay and Macleay (1879) whose account differs in some respects from Girard's. 

 Their drawings were made from an adult male H. francisci, 708 mm. (27.9 inches) 

 long, from the Bay of Monterey, California. Dorsal and lateral views of the entire fish 

 are shown, but without spots — perhaps the specimen had been long in alcohol. In the 

 lateral view the pectoral and pelvic fins are not well displayed. As compared with H. 

 phillipi, the head is proportionally broader and less high; its profile is less steep and more 

 convex; the supraorbital ridges are less prominent, continuing almost to the snout and 

 terminating abruptly behind the eyes. The spiracle is larger and farther from the eye. 

 The first gill'Opening is scarcely twice the length of the fifth. The dorsal spines are very 

 strong and are more than half the length of the dorsal fins. The dorsal fins themselves are 

 more broadly rounded at the apex and slightly emarginate behind. 



Garman (1913) states that the color of H. francisci is grayish or olivaceous'brown 

 with small scattered spots of black over body and fins. On large specimens the spots are 

 sometimes absent or nearly so. The body is yellowish beneath. In the figures by Jordan 

 (1905) and by Daniel (1934) a few small roundish'black spots of fairly uniform si2,e are 

 scattered over the entire body including the fins, and the supraorbital ridges differ from 



