CHANGES IN CHARACTER. 171 



ance. In these respects also the same fineness and 

 delicacy would be, of course, developed, and Csesar's 

 great and indomitable Urus would necessarily be 

 reduced, in a series of ages — though still retaining 

 much of its wildness — into a much smaller, more 

 elegant, and deer-like animal : partial confinement 

 and submission to man's behests, but far more con- 

 tinuous inter-breeding, being the causes of the 

 change. These have produced the ewe-like light 

 neck, clean jaws, and excessive refinement of head 

 in the cow, which Mr. Chandos-Pole-Gell considered 

 so strongly resembled those parts in the Yorkshire 

 cow, the efforts of whose breeders have for ages been 

 exerted to produce those characteristic points. Bake- 

 well's in-and-in bred bulls had the same semi-steerish 

 character and great dissimilarity in this respect to 

 their ancestors, the old coarse-boned Cravens, being 

 deficient in what the farmers call leather. Grand, 

 majestic, noble, such an animal may, and, in the case 

 of the Chillingham wild bull, does remain ; but it is 

 a grandeur, majesty, nobility in some degree varying 

 from the pristine character, and more resembling, as 

 may be seen in Landseer's pictures, those qualities in 

 the stag, now it has lost the elephantine size and 

 coarseness of bone, and the lion-like ferocity of its 

 remote ancestors. 



At the time of this visit the herd consisted of 

 sixty -four head — seventeen bulls of all ages from calves 

 upwards, nineteen steers, and twenty -eight cows, heifers, 

 and female calves. Lord Tankerville told my friends 

 that Professor Owen had strongly advised him never 

 to let the breeding cows sink to fewer than twenty 

 in number. 



