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pials, the pouched mammals so abundant 

 in Australia's modem fauna. He had also 

 devoted many years of research to the evo- 

 lution of the primates, including humans, 

 and his book The Origin and Evolution of 

 the Human Dentition remains a classic. 

 Alfred Sherwood Romer, one of Gregory's 

 students who became a leading vertebrate 

 paleontologist, once remarked to me that 

 in his opinion, no one on earth had such in- 

 timate knowledge of the vertebrate skull 

 as did William King Gregory. 



In 1927 Matthew moved to California 

 to assume the chairmanship of the Depart- 

 ment of Paleontology at the University of 

 California at Berkeley. His chosen succes- 

 sor at the American Museum was George 

 Gaylord Simpson, bom in 1902, who had 

 recendy eamed his doctorate from Yale 

 and who had spent a postdoctoral year at 

 the British Museum (Natural History) in 

 London. He was a worthy successor to 

 Matthew, who by 1927 had established a 

 towering reputation as a student of mam- 

 malian evolution. Paleontologist Stephen 

 Jay Gould has written that "George Gay- 

 lord Simpson, in the impact of his ideas 

 and by the power of his writing, both in 

 style and substance, was the most impor- 

 tant paleontologist since Georges Cuvier." 

 This is not excessive praise; the man was a 

 paleontological genius. One of Shake- 

 speare's Elizabethan contemporaries said 

 of the bard, "his mind and hand went to- 

 gether; and what he thought, he uttered 

 with that easiness, that we scarce received 

 from him a blot in his papers." So it was 

 with Simpson; the massive output of his 

 papers, monographs, and books began as 

 flowing handwritten manuscripts, with 

 scarcely a rewrite on their pages. 



A small and unprepossessing figure, 

 Simpson was not easy to know. On the 

 surface, he was shy; undemeath he was 

 determined, even belligerent, as befits a 

 person who is in complete command of his 

 field. During the Second World War, 

 Simpson was attached to Gen. George Pat- 

 ton's staff as a major. One day an order 

 came down from the imperious general for 

 Major Simpson to shave off his beard im- 

 mediately. Simpson sent his respects and 

 firmly pointed out that as long as he could 

 get a gas mask on over his beard, there was 

 no regulation that required him to shave. 

 The general may have fumed in private, 

 but Simpson kept his beard. 



His work focused on the study and elu- 

 cidation of mammalian evolution along 

 the Unes that Matthew had followed. Thus, 

 Simpson was very much involved with ex- 

 tinct mammalian faunas, with their evolu- 



tionary relationships, and with the distrib- 

 utions of mammals through geologic time. 

 He was, like Matthew, essentially a geo- 

 logic paleontologist, but with a strong bio- 

 logical understanding of the fossils to 

 which he devoted his attention. 



Also like Matthew, he was a firm be- 

 liever in the permanence of the continents. 

 After the Second World War, however, 

 when the geologic evidence for plate tec- 

 tonics (the "drifting" of continents through 

 time) became overwhelming, he finally 

 gave in, but with great reluctance. He will 

 be best remembered for his beautifully 

 written and closely argued books, such as 

 The Meaning of Evolution, Tempo and 

 Mode in Evolution, and The Major Fea- 

 tures of Evolution. Also of enduring inter- 

 est is a book he wrote early in his career. 

 Attending Marvels, a superb account of his 

 first expedition to Patagonia, the land 

 where Darwin himself had excavated fos- 

 sils of a giant ground sloth. 



Simpson was a leader, along with Emst 

 Mayr (who was for many years at the 

 American Museum and is now at Har- 

 vard), in the movement known as evolu- 

 tionary synthesis. During the late 1940s, 

 this new interpretation of Darwinism at- 

 tempted to combine the findings of mod- 

 em paleontology, systematics, animal be- 

 havior, and population genetics into an 

 integrated, or "synthetic," discipline. 



Although he was a deeply contempla- 

 tive thinker and a superb theorist, Simpson 

 did not dwell in an ivory tower. He was 

 very much a field man who spent many 

 seasons in the fossiliferous badlands of 

 North and South America, collecting the 



George Gaylord Simpson 



AMNH 



66 Natural History 5/94 



