Jaxvanx 8, 1887.] 
THE GARDENERS' 
CHRONICLE. 
51 
researches or experiments bearing directly on the 
agricultural industry of the United States as may in 
each =ч be deemed advisable, уер due regard 
n g conditions and needs of the respective 
States TERES 
“ UNIFORMITY OF WORK, 
“That in order to secure, as far as practicable, 
uniformity of т methods and results in the work of 
i be of the United 
¥ 
of a ar arl fertilisers, upon which the analysis of 
eget a tae made by said наа shall 
n 
sto him sh 
in gener t to furnish such advice and assistance аз 
will best promote the Buen of this Act 
Provision is also made for the — and circu- 
lation of annual reports, 
—— SUGAR AND RAINFALL.— This pos of 
ellbeing 
report of the public gardens for 1885; and indeed the 
prosperity of its planting industries is dependent so 
directly and entirely upon the maintenance of a high 
rainfall that Mr. Maxwrrr Harr has been able to 
‘form a comparison (stated in the “Jamaica Rainfall” 
published in the supplement to the Jamaica Gazette, 
October 4 
per annum, an 
These are indicated by the returns of several years 
аз follows;—1559 casks per acre with 79 inches 
(preceding) rainfall, and 1441 c 
56 inches 
the difference due to a larger and smaller island rain- 
all is on an vengo nearly one-tenth of the island 
export (sugar) crop. This one-tenth of export crop 
(for sugar and rum) represents a value of nearly 
100,000, 
—— A NURSERYMAN AS A MAGISTRATE.— At 
the Quarter Sessions held in Carlisle on Wednesday 
last Mr. re AMES Wart, of the firm of Lrrrrz & BaL- 
чы YNE, nurserymen and seedsmen, was elevated to 
he мане ial Bench, and took the oath as а 
J ustice of the Peace for the city of Carlisle. 
—— Scottish HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIA- 
TION.—A cem of this Association was held on 
the 4th inst. a 
Edinburgh, the President, Mr. Arex. MILNE, being 
i ir. After the ordinary duke of ws 
meeting was despatched two papers were read—o 
by Mr. Grossart, Oswald Road, Edinburgh, on the 
genus Odontoglossum ; = another by Mr. A. D. 
McKewnzim, of the firm of McKenzie & Мохсов, 
horticultural builders, Edinburgh, on the present 
position of horticultural building. 
——— PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. — Agricultural 
су = Был, Botanical Department, Bulletin 
Growing Forest Trees. — Royal 
ritain : ] 
В; 
Edited by Rev. H. Н. D'OxBRaıx. (London: Вем- 
& Soxs, 23, Old Bailey.) 
iS. What a oble, hardy, 
bulbous aee: this is! producing fine spikes of 
flowers 4 feet in length. The blooms are 
pure NR. ^ а large size, bell-shaped flowers. For 
conservatory or greenhouse decoration it is indis- 
pensable, showing with excellent effect when placed 
other round-headed or 
giving just the re- 
Five shillings, the usual 
pie er mig ielien ee eee 
dozen bulbs, t o insure as many specimens anon, a 
NOTICES OF Books. 
HANDBUCH DER iua of ын у (Hand- 
ook i4 the Diseases of Plants). Von Dr. d = 
Sorau d edi iade p ii: Die 
serene Жл (Paul Parey, Berlin, 1886.) 
A review of the first volume of this book, dealing 
with the non-parasitic diseases of plants, appeared in 
these ciem on July 10, and the prompt publication 
of the second volume, containing an account of the 
tenis Fimo calls now for the iiri ee of the 
otice. 
It is too commonly thought that the state of 
But when the matter is considered in all its 
states and bearings, there will be found cases of 
partial parasitism and of occasional parasitism which 
obviously link strict parasitism with ordinary vege- 
or cxample, Rhinanthus, Melampyrum, 
Pediculris Euphrasia, and Striga all contain 
chlorophyll and possess true roots on which suckers 
or haustoria are develope 
dition ; and the interesting fact has been observed; 
that this plant, when it has once accustomed to 
depend on its haustorial apparatus, suffers and tes: 
& sickly life when the supply has been stopped b 
the destruction of the host: while other individuals 
way the Mistleto may be taken to be a partial para- 
site obtaining from a necessary host in the main 
only water and mineral substances in solution to be 
prepared for plant food in the leathery green leaves. 
Most parasitic plant diseases, however, are caused 
by fungi, and the parasitic fungi are connected with 
the saprophytic or putrefactive fungi. Now a pa 
е 
occasional or facultative parasite, 
ease the parasite is alw ways а parasite attacking 
sound healthy plants, and in the latter the 
is parasitic and saprophytic both. A good елет 
of this is Pythium de Baryanum, which lives equally 
well on dead plant or animal substance, and also on 
sound living bodies of plants. As a parasite it 
attacks and destroys most easily watery young seed- 
6 
et 
> 
Ф 
et 
= 
[ 
ш 
е 
[24 
E 
u 
Ф 
m 
the uninjured cortex, but are dependent on a way 
being opened to them through wounds. 
must be remembered that a parasite life 
but carries with it a 
parasites and ee are compared with their 
nearest allies, the Algæ 
amore normal mode of 
. It is 
fungal part of a lichen as 
parasitic on the ; but, in a general way, 
this is true only in the s sense that the colourless cells 
by the exosmose of starc 
— cells, and dut: = algal cells may js 
as benefiting by the endosmose of the 
i the fun 
on of 
retains the marks of affinity with other fungi, it is 
mode 
obe reper particular life as to 
bably unfitted in nearly every case for para- 
sitic and saprophyhtic life of the kindsdescribed. An 
— to grasp this aspect of the case very prob- 
bly accounts for much of the opposition to Schwen- 
dins discovery. 
Such is the nature of parasites, the subject of this 
volume of Dr. Sorauers work. result of his 
md is a book of 456 pages, which, when added to 
that this is à much bette 
first edition was. 
only comprehensively but, it may be said, h 
there somewhat too trustfully of the observations 
recorded by some workers, However, this could 
hardly be avoided 
interest of his subject, and havin ng 
value of the book as one for ee 
the fungi 
are of ee в importance than the fungi. 
the author cannot be blamed for giving inadequate 
detail anywhere, and the section mentioned is dwarfed 
by the others rather than insufficient i in itself. 
to be thankful for, since ; brings up to date 
and scattered literature of a subject growing air in 
bulk and а a ractical importance. No 
serious worker a калан can afford to neglect 
it, and its great үт diee e lies in its being & 
well ordered storehouse of fac It is certainly not 
authors blame it among these 
sprinkling of fancies. 
d on this we do not venture to insist—it 
is not in his power, it is in Web cer tothoroughly 
weed the vast literature dealt with 
said, this may after all be a fault in the right direc- 
tion 
LS 
e 
FORESTRY. 
— M — 
ERECTING WOODEN PALINGS. 
THE question is sometimes asked, 
fs ito of wooden ри за pom he their а 
In the first place, on most landed 
— wood i is conveniently at hand for the purpose, 
time possible, een tuns чечи ог other description of 
fence would be o it could be available 
c the pose. ^» is no riis ees thing for & 
to be growing in the plantation in the e morning 
кз be in the position of a fence in the evening. 
by those who cannot 
substantial ones than those of wood. ird, w 
E 
some way or other. A 
occi: use of a product 
_ These are ies the most 
ooden aep 
used for estate fe encin 
d now а few remarks as to M лаа 
ot erected, and also why the work is not ‘ike жор 
more tastefully done. Опе ге ү. wood 
fences are supplanted by iron, stone, &c., 
the latter are more durable and perman 
because iron stone 
resisting power where great resistance and strain 
