284 
THE GARDENERS’ 
CHRONICLE. 
[FEsnvanx 26, 1887. 
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AMERICA. 
is $4.30 for 
Twelve Months F 
Agent for pos TNR —C. H. MAROT, 814, Chestnut Street, 
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APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK. 
GS. 
'NESDAY, Mar. 2—Socie ts, at 8 P. M. 
THURSDAY, Man. 3-Linnean Society, at 8 P.M. 
SALES. 
MONDAY, FEB, 28 { peu thousand ,Liliums in variety, 
from Japan, &c., at Stevens' Rooms. 
( Roses and other Plants, at the City 
: Auetion Rooms, by Protheroe & 
TUESDAY, Mar. lj Morris. 
Imported and кы E Sh DA at 
rotheroe & Morris' Rooms 
225 and Plants, at райана & 
Morris' Rooms, 
uo, Наш and Bulbs in variety, 
vens' Rooms, 
Seakale sni. Roe ge on the Premises 
of Exhibition, Earl's 
Coi, qi Prothé eroe & Morris, 
Importation: s of Ohi from Mr. Е. 
. Sander, at Ste Rooms. 
FRIDAY, MAR. 4 Vi Orci, at Protheroe & 
WEDNESDAY, MAR. E 
THURSDAY, MAR. 
sched Plants, at Protheroe 
SATURDAY, Man. 5 RE gl get and Bulbs in variety, 
Vegetable Pro- IF there was one thing more than 
rn and = another which struck the thought- 
ful visitor to the Indo-Colonial 
Exhibition of last year, it was a feeling of sur- 
kinds from different countries were compelled to 
own that they had never before so completely 
realised the immensity and diversity of the 
means at our command. e when 
botany, or one portion of it, is falling into dis- 
‚ аз witnessed by its recent partial exclu- 
sion from the curriculum of the Medical Schools 
and of the povpra it is worth while calling 
to mind the fact that i is to botanists, and to 
icul 
know lodge of thes 
has been done by the HOOKERS, 
father andson; by LINDLEY, by FERDINAND VON 
UELLER, by BURY, by ManxHaAM, and 
might be mentioned. 'Think 
being done now by DYER, by Morris, 
that 
. many others that mi 
what is 
by Waa 
ves aoe enh í will be ‘seen 
the botanists of what is now called the old school 
have been the chief agents in bringing to light, 
identifying and developing, inem products, the 
importance of which so forcibly 
brought home to us. Consider, io for a moment 
on the one hand the depressed state of agricul- 
ture, and on the other the host of matters await- 
ing development, and for which development 
increased knowledge, botanieal, chemical, and 
cultural, is demanded, and it will surely be seen 
that this is no time to depreciate the study of 
systematic botany. e cannot, however, stop 
to discuss this part of the question. It may aid 
others to do so, it may promote the extension of 
profitable knowledge, if we make passing allusion 
to some of the various conferences and lectures 
delivered relating to vegetable products, and 
which are the more or less direct outcome of the 
Exhibition, 
Reports on special subjects—such, for instance, 
as on fibres for textile purposes, for paper-making, 
and for mats, ropes, and basket-work, have 
appeared. During the discussions that took place 
many interesting facts came out о 
silk, a sample of Jute was exhibited by Mr. Cross 
which had been subjected to a chemical process, 
the effect of which was to reduce the fibre to its 
ultimate fibrils, and at the same time to increase 
the durability of the substance. “This chemi- 
oe treated Jute,” it is stated, “was much 
the more so as it was almost impossible 
to distinguish the fibre from Tasar si 
Amongst oriens suitable for puper-ináldiu 
ihe bark of Bauhinia Vahlii was considered the 
most hopeful, and it seems that since the Con- 
likely that, as a direct outcome of the recent Ex- 
hibition, this plant will become an important one 
for a number of applications. 
On the subject of perfume-yielding Spe не 
otto of Ilang Пап ananga odorata 
have bip the first ever exhibited froin ы 
while the tubers of Cyperus rotundus, and the 
oil prepared from them, were pronounced a 
new to Europe. This substance is said t 
а 6 used in Upper India to perfume clothes, 
and essential oil 18 · prepared from 
"wie 
Of oils suitable for candle and soap making, 
that from the seeds of the Mahwa (Bassia lati- 
folia) was thought to be the most hopeful; it was 
arder than Cocoa-nut oil—a fact, in 
the candle trade, that would make up for its 
slightly FX dp quality; Messrs. Prick & Co, 
worth £35 per ton. It is believed 
that it has never been, to any great extent at 
least, experimented with for the purpose of the 
European soap irade, although the people in 
Guzerat and other parts of India make soap 
largely of it. With reference to dye products, i 
is stated by Mr. Mv Кнавлт, that the Charila of 
the Punjaub (Parmelia Kamts-Chadalis) is em- 
ployed in India to a considerable extent in calico 
printing, but with the object of imparting a 
peculiar perfume, and a very pale rose-tinge to 
the fabric. 
Perhaps one of the most important of the 
Conferences was that on Tobacco and cigars, 
* Most of the samples of leaf exhibited were pro- 
nounced almost unsaleable from being packed too 
hard, having a bad smell,and being often per- 
forated, and even broken, and indeed in many cases 
almost , due to imperfect curing. ... А few 
pry, so were, ; however, much admired, and one or 
wo brokers were authorised by the manufacturers 
ec 
io take steps to procure large quantities if the 
price was found suitable." Tt was strongly urged 
that the leafstalks should be cut off at the base 
of the blade and never exported to England. It 
was pointed out that about 75 per cent. of the 
Tobacco cut for the pipe is sold in the shape of 
shag at 3d. an ounce, retail. The manufacturer 
sells this at 3s. to 3s. 2d. a pound; so that, taking 
the average cost of Tobacco at 64. and the duty 
at 3s. 6d., the article is being sold at consider- 
ably below cost price. This is due to the 
that the raw Tobacco comes into the manufac- 
turer's hands in a dry state, and the profit is 
made on the increased weight due to moisture 
absorbed. obacco must, to use the technical 
expression “ drink well” to be profitable, but if the 
importer has to pay duty upon a heavy section of . 
the parent stem dangling at the end of a long and 
heavy leafstalk it is impossible that he can 
make a profit. 
very injuriously 
which, apart from the trouble of cleansing which 
this necessitates, greatly increases the duty by 
raising the weight. England is, one might almost 
say, well enough supplied with Tobacco without 
the aid of India, and with numerous disadvan- 
tages it is scarcely likely that India can take an 
importation should contain not more than 10 per 
t. of water, for although the duty is raised 
when there is less than 10 per cent. of water, it 
most important consideration, and one that can- 
not be too forcibly urged, for, as has been stated, 
the profit in the Tobacco trade is due to water, 
but iti 5 Кыш if the importer has to pay duty on 
the lat 
BK ym g Indian cigars, though Tent. has. 
been a iic EAR sale of Trichinopoly . and 
Burmese cigars of late, it was stated at- the Con- 
ference that they could never compete with those - 
produced in the best cigar producing countries, 
and their only competition would. be with those 
of British make. Indian cigars are described as — — 
being too hard filled and that instead of being | 1 
packed in a bunch-like manner the filling vd 3 
Indian cigars went through the entire length : 
the heavy import duty that kills the Indian cigar 
trade, and therefore light weight was of primary 
importance. 
Since the Exhibition closed Mr. Morris, 
elaborate paper on “ Fruit as 
Commerce.” occupies many closely 
emen of the Colonies and India. Its length và 
of die highest practical interest, It must pue i 
say that Mr. Monnis called €: to the d 
sibilities of our colonial empire as a source © 
large supply of fruit, Шайтан 1 his r 
reference to the display made .in the tá 
Рев, of 
Exhibition nm various colos p most rê” 
gnis shows 
n rs is £8,000,000 sterling per annum. 
might equally well be earned by 
countrymen in the colonies, who are a ad 
supply us with the fruits of tropical as 
temperate regions, Mr. Morris ame 
inter-colonial fruit trade, 
f the American market from 
other West Indian islands, 
