PEALE.J MAMMOTH HOT SPEIXGS OF GARDINER's RIVER. 75 



for 1872). They have moved down about 100 feet. In 1871 they were 

 near the Bee- Hive, having- broken out in August of the preceding year. 

 They broke out in their present situation in the fall of 1875, and in 1873 

 were about half way between the two locations. These notes were fur- 

 nished me by Mr. McCarthy, who has had a permanent residence at the 

 springs. The basins are from 6 inches to a foot and 2 feet high, and 

 are irregular in shape; they are from 6 feet to 15 or 20 feet in length. 

 The lower deposit is soft, and the water when it reaches this point has 

 a temperature of only 88° F. Sulphureted hydrogen is given oflt'. On 

 the terrace back of these springs, around the Liberty Cap, are shallow 

 basins, mostly empty and broken down, the deposit being soft. 



No. 2. Cleopatra Spring. — This spring was named by some of the earlier 

 visitors to the sj)rings, and is one of the handsomest in the group. It is 

 on the summit of a mass of deposit that is 40 feet in height and covers 

 an area of nearly three-fourths of an acre. On the summit is the spring, 

 Avhich has light-blue-tinted water in a white basin, with light yellowish- 

 red edges. A large flat basin surrounds the spring. At the east end 

 are basins lined with reddish tufted material. The greatest overflow 

 escapes at the west end, and the basins here are fringed with stalactitic 

 masses, as shown in Plate I. The basin at the edge here where these 

 stalactites are most prominent is 8 feet high. Below it the water flows 

 over an incline, at the base of which are handsome white, red, and yellow 

 basins. The whole front of the mass is lined with these basins, and on 

 the west side, where the overflow was in 1871, they are snowy white. 

 The amount of water is very small in comxiarison with the amount of 

 deposit. It sinks out of sight at the base of the mass. This spring has 

 a temperature of 151° at the edge. As the water escapes it flows over a 

 ladder that has been placed against the edge for the purpose of coating 

 articles that are hung on it. The rate of deposition under favorable cir- 

 cumstances is about one-sixteenth of an inch in 4 days (96 hours). The 

 illustration will give the best idea of this mass and the basins that com- 

 pose it. It is almost impossible to describe them ia words. The spring 

 is 20 below the terrace, immediately back of it, and 90 feet below the 

 terrace of springs 11-15. The terrace immediately back of it appears to 

 be composed of laminated deposit. Below the Cleopatra mass is aii 

 irregular terrace of old basins which is 25 feet higb, and below this ia 

 the terrace on which Spring 10 is located. This terrace is about 78 feet 

 above the level at the base of the Liberty Cap. Spring No. 3 is nearlj' 

 at this level. The front of the main terrace facing this lower level has 

 old gray and white basins which are in ruins. 



Liberty Cap. — This curious mound or chimney is well shown in Plate 

 la. It is about 45 feet in height, and is composed of overlapping layers 

 of sediment, having evidently been built up by the overflow of the water 

 from the orifice at the top, the evaporation of the water depositing the 

 sediment in layers, until either the mass became too high for tlie hydro- 

 static pressure, or the water, having found a new outlet, left the channel 

 in this cone. It is about 20 feet in diameter at the base. The deposit 

 is hard, of close, compact structure, and evidently of considerable age. 

 Surrounding this cone are a number of shallow basins, some of which 

 are snowy white, tinted with i)ink. But few active springs are found 

 here at present. It is probable that certain springs, especially No. 1, 

 have shifted their position, building up these basins one after another 

 or in groups. The older deposits are gray, and much broken down. 

 Near the back of this terrace, in the side of tlie mass rising from it, is a 

 second cone, not so high. It is called, on the map, Libeity No, 2, and has 

 sometimes been called the Bee ilive. Below the shallow basins which 



