PKALE.] THERMAL SPEINGS JAPAN, FORMOSA, AND MALAYSIA. 347 



These springs, he says, are in the center of the village, and at Ichuya 

 near by; the temperature is 109° F. to lloO F. 



At Ikao, near Kusatsu, there are springs with temperatures of 104^' 

 F. to 1I30 F. 



At Shimonosawa there are very hot si)rings ; also at Ouogawa, 

 Akayu, and Go-hiki, in Okitama. {See Vol. Ill, Fart II, Trans. As. 

 Soc. of Japan.) 



The hot springs of Yomotz and Atarai are on a peninsula of Niphon, 

 southeast of the noted volcano of Fusi-yami.* The springs of Atami 

 are intermittent in action, and, according to Sir Eutherford Alcock, are 

 not very regular in their spoutings, which occur about six times daily 

 (i. e., in 24 hours), varying, however, on different days. An immense 

 volume of steam and slightly sulpliureted water is ejected, but the 

 hours are not at all regular.! 



FORMOSA. 



The thermal springs of Formosa have been but partially examined; 

 those of Tamsny, or Tamsui, in the northern part of the island, being 

 best known. They are sulphur springs— sev^en or eight apertures of 

 active springs being scattered over an area of about two acres. They 

 are variable in activity, and the steam rushes out like steam from a 

 boiler. Some of the springs are said to be in continuous action, spout- 

 ing to the height of 2 feet or more, and would appear to be what we have 

 called pseudo-geysers in the Yellowstone National Park. This locality 

 is not the only one existing in Formosa, although the one oftenest men- 

 tioned by travelers. 



MALAYSIA, OR THE EASTERN ARCHIPELAGO. 



Different authors assign different limits to the Eastern Archipelago; 

 but for our purposes it is suiMcient to incUide those islands lying be- 

 tween New Guinea and the Asiatic continent under this head. New 

 Guinea might also be included; but, so far as known, it is without 

 thermal springs. 



This Malaysia, Indian or Eastern Archipelago, as it is variously 

 named, is the greatest volcanic center on the globe. The focus of vol- 

 canic activity is considered by Judd to' be in the islands that lie be- 

 tween Borneo and New Guinea. From the center thus indicated radiate 

 several volcanic lines, one of which, extending northward, we have just 

 considered. One extends westward, through the islands of Java and 

 Sumatra, and up the coast of Malayan India; and another reaches 

 eastward as far as the Elizabeth Islands, with a branch southward, 

 through New Zealand, to South Victoria, on the Antarctic Circle. Of 

 the group of islands to be considered, Celebes, Java, and Sumatra are 

 most noted for their thermal springs. 



The "Banos"of Luzon, in the Philippines, have, however, been prob- 

 ably the oftenest described. 



The zoology of the islands of the Eastern Archipelago is much better 

 known than the geology; although, in the i)ast few years, much has 

 been added to our knowledge in the latter branch of science. 



* The last eruption of Fusi-yami was iu 1707. 

 t Jour. Geo{irai)h. Soc, 18G1, j). 321, 56. 



