360 REPORT UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 



naturalists on tlie Cliallenger, found algae at 113^'=' F., and says that 

 OscillotaricB have been found in water of 178° F. to 185° F. At Banda 

 Island he found a white gelatinous algae at 140° F.* [Might not this 

 have been, in part, at least, gelatinous silica.] 



Sir Jos. Hooker mentions the presence of algous growths in the 

 Momay Springs, in the Himalayas, in India, where the temperature is 

 110° F., and at Soorujkoon in water of 158° F., and at Pugha, in Thibet, 

 at 1740 F.t 



Professor Dana found feathery confervse in Luzon, at the springs 

 where the temperature was 160° F. | 



THE DISTRIBUTION OF THERMAL SPRINGS. 



A single glance at the preceding portion of this report will show the 

 wide extent of the distribution of warm and hot springs. With the 

 exception of Australia, none of the continents is without them. § Lati- 

 tude has no effect, for we iind them equally hot in the Arctic regions 

 and under the equator. Thermal springs, in the strict sense of the term, 

 are universal in their distribution. Of course, hot springs are less widely 

 spread over the globe, while veritable geysers and spouting springs are 

 stiU more limited in their occurrence, and yet they are confined to 

 no particular quarter of the globe, as we have seen. Iceland, the Azores, 

 Thibet, IS'ew Zealand, and our own Yellowstone National Park are the 

 world's geyser areas as known at the present time. The connection of 

 boiling springs with the volcanic regions of the world will be referred 

 to in a succeeding chapter. 



Thermal springs are found at all elevations, and the following table, 

 although by no means complete, will give a good idea of their range of 

 elevation : 



Elevation, in feet 

 above sea level. ' 



Island of St. Paul, in Indian Ocean 



Savu-savu, on Vanua Levu 9 



Ems, in Germany 291 



Wiesbaden, in Germany 3"23 



Aix la Chapelle, in Germany 400+ 



Haukadal geysers in Iceland 900 



Bourbonne, in France 900 



Schlangenbad, in Germany 900 



Soufriere of St. Lucia, West Indies 1,000 



Lebanon, Nevs^ York, United States 1,000 



Springs near RotoruaLake, New Zealand 1,043 



Springs near Rotomahana Lake, New Zealand 1,088 



Springs n^ar Lake Taupo, New Zealand 1,250 



Hot Springs of Arkansas, United States 1, 360 



Plombieres, in France 1,400 



Santa Barbara, California, United States 1,450 



Mariana, Venezuela, South America 1,465 



San Bernardino, California, United States - 1,618 



Warm Springs, North Carolina, United States 1,700 



Warm Springs, Georgia, United States 1,800 



Bagneres de Bigorre, in France 1, 800 



Bagneres de Lucbon, in France 2, 000 



"Petite Soufriere of Dominica, West Indies 2,000 



* Notes by a Naturalist on the Challenger. 



t Himalayan Journals. 



t Dana's Manual, p. 612. 



$ In the Richmond River in New South Wales, Prof. A. Liversedge has found a 

 siliceous deposit, which he says answers to sinters and geyser deposits. They are found 

 in a basaltic and trachytic region. (Jour. R. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. X, p. 237-239.) 

 This would seem to indicate the former presence of hot sjirings on geysers in New 

 South Wales, where none exist now. 



