366 REPORT UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 



ously enough tlie same distinctions are made, as the following table 

 shows : 



Icelandic names. 



New Zealand 

 names. 



Character of springs. 





Puia 



Boilinghot springs, including intermittent springs or fountains. 



Boiling mud-pools. 



Boiling springs, with clear water and siliceous deposits. 



Quiet springs, suited to bathing. 



Non-boiling springs, or solfataras. 



Springs that send up clouds of steam. 









Papa Puia 















Hochstetter divides the JSTew Zealand springs into two groups, as fol- 

 lows :* 



1 Acid springs which have no periodical outbursts of water, and in 

 which siliceous incrustations are either wanting or are inconsiderable 

 in quantity. 



2. Alkaline springs, which include geysers and are characterized by 

 deposits in which silica, chloride of sodium, carbonates, and sulphates 

 are the principal ingredients. 



To these Doctor Hector t adds a third, in which the deposits are cal- 

 careous sulphates, and includes the springs of White Island, in the Bay 

 of Plentyl, in which the sea- water accounts for the difference in chemical 

 composition. Hochstetter is of the opinion that the acid springs gradu- 

 ally become alkaline, and after building siliceous tubes become spouting 

 springs or geysers. This subject we shall refer to again in a future 

 chapter. 



We have already said that, with the present incomplete knowledge 

 of the chemical composition of the waters of the Yellowstone Park 

 springs, it would be useless to reduce them to any systematic chemical 

 classification. In fact it would be impossible to do so with any approach 

 to accuracy. In the catalogues of Part I we have noted the springs as 

 constantly boiling, quiet, or geyser-like, in accordance with Von Mdda's 

 classification. 



As to their chemical composition, the springs of the Park can be 

 grouped under one of the following heads, in a rather broad classifica- 

 tion, based upon the i)redominance of the principal ingredient, viz : 



1. Calcareous springs. — As the Gardiner's Eiver Springs and Soda 

 Butte. 



2. Aluminous springs. — Mud springs of Hayden's Valley, Yellowstone 

 Lake, and the Fire Hole Basin. 



3. Siliceous springs. — Including a majority of the springs of the Park. 

 This order we shall follow in the chemical chapters which we are well 



aware are very incomplete, especially when the vast number of springs 

 within the limits of the Park is remembered. 



*In his New Zealand, Euglisli EditioB, p. 432. 



tin New Zealand, Inst. Trans., Ill, 1B70, p. 284, 



X The mineral waters of New Zealand are classified as follows by Dr. Hector, director 

 of the Geological Survey, the system being based upon the analyses made in the colo- 

 nial laboratory. 



Saline. — Containing chiefly chloride of sodium. 



Alkaline. — Containing carljonates and bicarbonates of soda and potash. 



Alkaline, siliceous. — Waters containing much silicic acid, but changing rapidly on ex- 

 posure to the atmosphere and becoming alkaline. 



HejMtic or sulphurous. — Waters, the prominent character of which is the presence of 

 sulphureted hydrogen and sulphurous acid. 



Acidic waters. — In which there is an excess of mineral acids, such as hydrochloric and 

 sulphuric acid. {Report on the mineral waters of New Zealand, by James Jlector, M. D.; 

 C. M. G., F. B. S., Director of the Geol. Survey in New Zealand thermal springs districts, 

 ^c, page 2d.) 



