328 A. E. Verrill— The Bermuda Islands. 740 
The native Cedar appears to be very little affected by insects. A 
pale green geometrid larva was observed spinning down from its 
branches late in April, but not in large numbers. 
The insects of Bermuda are still too imperfectly known to warrant 
a tabular statement of their origin. About 225 species are reported 
in this article, but many are not yet determined specifically. The 
Lepidoptera and Coleoptera each include about 50 species. Of 
those that are accurately known, more than 90 per cent. belong also 
to the fauna of the United States, either as natives or introduced ; a 
few are European; perhaps a dozen are peculiarly West Indian; only 
two are confined to Bermuda, so far as known. But a large number 
of those that belong also to the fauna of the United States are nearly 
cosmopolitan in warm countries, accompanying man and mostly feed- 
ing on his property. Such are many of the flies, cockroaches, scale- 
insects, clothes-moths, grain-moths, grain-weevils, flour-beetles, ete. 
Many of these are doubtless of Asiatic or European origin, but have 
been so widely disseminated by man in early times that it is now 
useless to try to trace their origin. The relatively small number of 
species hitherto obtained is very remarkable, and is good evidence of 
the very meager insect fauna, though many species must still remain 
to be discovered. 
c.—Diptera. (Flies, Mosquitoes, etc.) 
Several species of domestic flies are abundant in summer, but 
they were probably all introduced by the early settlers. Among 
those noticed were the Flesh-flies (Sarcophaga carnaria, fig. 85, and 
S. rabida); WHouse-fly (Musca domestica, fig. 86) ; Musca basi- 
laris ; Blue-bottle (Lucilia cesar, fig. 87); Lucilia latifrons ; 
Lucilia sericatu Meig. (t. D. W. Coquillett); Blow-fly (Calliphora 
vomitoria, fig. 88); Stable-fly (Stomoxys calcitrans fig. 89), 
common. . 
Recent investigations have demonstrated the importance of those 
flies which either breed in, or feed upon, dead animals or human 
excrement as carriers of the bacterial germs of contagious diseases, 
like typhoid fever, cholera, ete., especially in localities where infected 
material is left exposed to the air, as about army camps, and in 
country localities generally. No doubt they can also convey the 
disease germs of small pox, scarlatina, tuberculosis, bubonic plague, 
ete., if they have access to the bodies or infected dejecta of persons 
suffering from those diseases. Many of the contagious diseases 
of domestic animals are also diffused by the same means, 
