392 A, FE. Verrill— The Bermuda Islands. 804 
the cultivation of fruit in every country, has recently led to very 
numerous scientific investigations and experiments and to an exten- 
sive literature, especially in the United States. Effectual methods 
of several kinds have thus been discovered for destroying them on 
infected trees and for preventing their spreading. But constant 
watchfulness, promptness, and perseverance will always be necessary — 
on the part of those who have the care of fruit orchards, for these 
insects increase with marvelous rapidity, even in one season. 
A very useful report on Scale-insects, by Professor J. H. Comstock, 
is in the Annual Report of the Entomologist of the United States 
Department of Agriculture for 1880. In this report many of the 
species affecting fruit trees in the United States are described and 
figured. Numerous later reports have been published by the same 
department, and also by the Experiment Stations of various States. 
The species found in Bermuda, so far as .known, are all found also 
in the United States, and therefore the reports referred to are equally 
applicable here, especially those relating to the orange-scales. 
We collected a number of species, but some have not yet been 
determined by the specialists to whom they were sent.* One of the 
most common, Jcerya Purchasi, is very injurious to the orange, 
lemon, galba, pomegranate, tamarisk, roses, hibiscus, etc. 
We could not learn that the very pernicious San José Scale 
(Aspidiotus perniciosus), fig. 1860, p. 811, has yet been found here. 
It would be likely to infest especially the loquat tree, if introduced, 
but it feeds on many kinds of trees.f 
Four or five species, at least, were found abundant on the orange 
and lemon trees. The most common and destructive are the Purple 
Seale, figs. 182-1826, and the Fluted Scale (Jeerya). In a recent 
letter to the writer, Mr. Geo. A. Bishop, superintendent of the 
Public Garden, reports several additional species, mentioned below. 
Cottony Cushion-scale ; Fluted Scale. (Zcerya Purchasi Maskell.) 
Ficure 183, p. 810. 
This scale, which was found by us common on the orange and 
several other trees in April, had already been recognized as a 
* We collected or observed Scale-insects on the following trees and shrubs: 
orange, lemon, citron, loquat, fig, avocado pear, pomegranate, oleander, olive, 
hibiscus, fiddle-wood, frangipani, wild jasmine, grape, galba, cycad, etc. 
+ According to recent investigations by Mr. C. L. Marlatt, this species is 
native of North China. Bull. 37, new ser., Divis. Entom., U. S. Dep. Agric., 
p. 65, 1902. See also Bull. No. 3. 
