SATl'BINJS. 33 



of from 8000 to 10,000 feet altitude. A second brood appears in July in the same 

 localities. They fly with much bolder Nymphalidian flight than their tamer congeners 

 Swaha and Saraswati, and they do not extend out of the Simla district into Kunawur." 

 On the other hand, Mr. A. Graham Young holds that Padma and Avartara are two 

 distinct species. He writes of A. Padma that " it is fairly common in Kula, and is 

 double-brooded, the first brood appearing in June on the grassy slopes amongst and 

 above the upper forests, at an elevation of 1 0,000 feet or so ; the second brood appears 

 at a much lower elevation, from 3000 to 4000 feet. It is very punctual in its appear- 

 ance, as, in the fifteen years that I have observed this insect, it has never appeared 

 earlier than the 1st or later than the 3rd of October. It is an extremely powerful 

 insect on the wing, and very difiBcult to take; it flies down one hill, straight across 

 the valley, and up the opposite hill at a great pace, keeping some ten feet from 

 the ground, and very rarely settling." While of A. Aratara he writes, " Confounded 

 with the above by superficial observers and cabinet naturalists ; it is smaller in size 

 than A. Padma, and much weaker in flight, taking but short flights, and is easily 

 captured; a succession of broods appear throughout May, June, and July." (Butt. 

 Ind. i. 197, 1883.) Mr. A. G. Young subsequently writes (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1885, 

 129), "I first took A. Padma near Eajaori, in the Kashmir territory, in July, 1864, 

 at but little over 3000 feet, and have in June, 1883, taken the same sex at Barkli, in 

 the Mundi State, in a Deodar forest on the banks of the Beas, at barely 3000 feet. 

 For some reason that I cannot explain, the females never appear to descend as low 

 as the males do, and it is a very curious circumstance, that as far as my experience 

 goes, the Jane and July broods seem to consist almost entirely of males. It was not 

 until 1880 that I succeeded in obtaining a female in June, whereas in October the 

 females are in a great majority, some faded, as though they had come out at the 

 higher levels in the summer, and been driven down by the cold, whilst the greater 

 number, to judge from their fresh condition, had but just emerged from the pupa. 

 I never took but one worn and battered male along with this autumnal brood, which 

 seems a true Amazonian one, all females, and appears in October between 3500 and 

 4500 feet." Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 118), "There are two allied 

 species passing under the name of Padma. Of the true Padma I have both sexes 

 from Narkunda, near Simla, and from the Galis north of Mari, but in Kumaon I 

 obtained only females, taken in October and November in the Kali Valley, ranging 

 from 7000 feet at Juti in Chandans, to 2500 feet at Garjiaghat, and even lower. 

 This species is the larger of the two ; the other species, A. Loha, is smaller." 



ATJLOCERA SWAHA (Plate 100, figs. 2, 2a, (J ? ). 



Safyrus Sicalia, Kollar, in Hiigel's Kaschmir, IV. 2, p. 444, pi. 14, figs. 1, 2 (1844). 

 Aulocera Sicaha, Marshall and de JN'iceville, Butt, of India, etc. i. p. 197 (18S3J. 

 Satynis BrahminuSy Blanchard, Jaccj. Voy. pi. ii. figs. 5, 6 (nee. fig. 4). 



VOL. II. August 13th, 1892. f 



