22C LKPIDOPTERA INDICA. 



slightly scalloped and with a more or less prominent outward angle below the apex 

 and a lesser angle at tte lower median veinlet, or the entire margin slightly but 

 obtusely scalloped, or more or less even. Hindwings short, obovate, or somewhat 

 quadrate; the exterior margin either more or less slightly scalloped, or nearly even, 

 or, in some the apex is slightly excised and with a short broad caudate angle at the 

 upper median veiulet ; or, in some the wing is triangular, with the exterior margin 

 nearly or quite even, and the anal angle prolonged into a lobate tail. 



CaterpiUar. — Head mostly very slightly cleft, in some surmounted with two 

 minute tuberculous-spines or very short stellate-spines, or armed with two long erect, 

 branched-spines. Body armed with mostly nine (sometimes eleven) longitudinal 

 series of branched-spines. 



Chrysalis. — "\7ith dorsal and lateral abdominal segmental conical points; thorax 

 obtusely or angularly conical ; head piece more or less bifid. 



Efjg. — " Not so high as wide ; ribs few, sharp and prominent, usually projecting 

 at apex, and often serrate" (Doherty). 



Note on the Group Ntiiphalina. — We refer the origin of this name to Linnaeus, 

 who, in 1758, Syst. Nat. p. 472, uses the plural form [Nymphahs'] at the head of 

 the group, but in the singular form [Nymflialis^ at the top of the pnges ; dividing 

 the group into two sections, the species in the first section (Nym. Gemmati) being 

 lo, Almana, Astcrie, vEnone, Aonis, Lemonius, Orithyia, Cardui, Lampetia, Iris, 

 and some Satyrids. In the second section (Nym. Phalerati) Populi, Antiopa, 

 Polychloros, Urtica?, C. Album, C. Aureum, Dirce, Amathea, Veuilia, Aliraene, 

 Leucothoe, Phtetusa, Bolina, and others. In the 12th Edit. Syst. Nat. p. 769 

 (1767) Linnasus repeats the above. In 1777, Esper, Die Schmett. p. 87 \Nym- 

 phalisl, under section I. gives Jo, Cardui, Iris, and some Satyrids. II. Populi, 

 Antiopa, Polychloros, Urticie, C. Album, Atalanta, Sibilla, Camilla, Rumina, 

 Levana, Lucina, Maturna, Cinxia. Dia, Paphia, Aglaia, Adippe, Lathonia, Euphro- 

 syne, Niobe. In 1781, Barbut, Gen. Ins. Linne, pp. 162, 172 [Nymjihales'] at head 

 of group, and Nymphalis for sections, describes and figures lo, and Urticse, only, 

 as typical. Any further restriction of the name in if s generic use must therefore 

 be confined to these two species. In 1784, Esper, Natur. des Linn. Syst. p. 209 

 [Nyviphales], gives sect. I. lo, Galathea; sect. II. Urticse, Atalanta, Lathonia. 

 In 1793, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. III. i. p. 61 [Xymphales] places at the head of 

 the list, Jasius and Pyrrhus ; ttoo species not occurrinrj in Linnceus's group Nymphales, 

 and which, by some modern authors, have been erroneously taken as the typical 

 species of the genus Nymphahs. In 1798, Cuvier, Tabl. Elem. Hist. Nat. p. 589 

 [Nymphah's], gives Antiopa, lo, Cardui, Atalanta. This action of Cuvier's thus 

 fixes lo as the type of Nymphalis. 



