THE ANATOMY OF THE INDIAN ELEPHANT. 47 



Scalenus anticus arises from the anterior surface of the tubercles 

 of the second, third, and fourth cervical vertebra by small, 

 rounded tendons. These unite, and pass towards the thorax, 

 being inserted into the second, third, and fourth ribs. 



C. and L.— 287-8 ; 290-1 (6, 6«, 6&). 



In dealing with the myology of the Elephant, we thought it advis- 

 able, considering the want of any tolerably complete description, to 

 note every important detail which came to light in the course of our 

 dissection. It would be superfluous to treat aU parts of the anatomy 

 with the same fulness. The osteology, for example, has long been 

 amply made known, nor would any student value minute descriptions 

 of bones which can be so easily seen and handled. Other parts of 

 the anatomy are known in various degrees of completeness ; some 

 thoroughly, some superficially, some hardly at all. Vulpian and 

 Philipeaux have published a lengthy and elaborate description of 

 tbe heart; Dr Morrison Watson has minutely described the male 

 organs of generation, and other important viscera ; the brain has been 

 figured more than once ; while scattered memoirs contain particulars 

 of greater or less value respecting other organs. Under these circum- 

 stances we shall probably employ our space and the reader's time to the 

 best advantage by a summary of what is already known, corrected 

 and supplemented by our own observations. Although such anato- 

 mists as Cuvier, Camper, and Hunter have preceded us, there is still 

 much to be gleaned, more than any single exploration of the field is at 

 all likely to discover. 



The osteology and dentition we propose to leave out altogether. 

 Common text-books already contain descriptions sufficient for the 

 naturalist or palaeontologist. 



ALIMENTAEY CANAL AIsTD ITS APPEls^DAGES. 



Mouth. 



The gape of the mouth is small relatively to the bulk of the 

 animal, — a fact which may receive explanation from the precision 

 with which food is passed into the mouth by the proboscis, and 

 the small part which the lips consequently play in the act of 

 prehension. The upper lip has hardly any separate develop- 

 ment, but seems a mere lateral expansion of the root of the 

 trunk; the lower lip is small and pointed, its mucous surface 

 forming a narrow groove or gutter in which the tongue is lodged. 

 The cheeks are very capable of distention, but in^their ordinary 

 contracted state they enclose only a very small cavity. •^ 



