THE ANATOMY OF THE INDIAN ELEPHANT. 67 



lower end of the gland. In the male and during the rutting 

 season, a copious flow of odorous liquid is said to be discharged 

 from the orifice. Our example was an immature female, but 

 the gland was nevertheless well developed and conspicuous. It 

 measured d^ inches by 3 inches, and weighed about two 

 ounces. 



UEINAEY ORGAN'S. 



Each kidney showed five lobes in our example, but other 

 dissectors report various numbers, from two to eight or nine. 

 The lobes were essentially distinct, each having its own cortical 

 and medullary substance and a separate calyx, but the external 

 separation was not very marked. Two or three Malpighian 

 pyramids, hardly projecting into the calices, were found in each 

 lobe ; on the flattened apex of each the renal tubes were distin- 

 guished by the eye. The calices of the three anterior lobes 

 united to form a common canal, which after a course of about 

 3 inches was joined by a similar tube formed by the union 

 of the two posterior calices. Here the ureter was much dilated; 

 it tapered towards the bladder for the first 4 inches of its 

 course, and then continued with a nearly uniform diameter to 

 near its termination, w^here it suddenly narrowed. The whole 

 length was 18 inches. 



The supra-renal capsules were transversely elongate, tapering 

 to a point on the outer side. 



Comparison of different descriptions of the elephant's kidney 

 reveals much discrepancy as to the number and distinctness of 

 the lobes, the number of calices and their mode of entry into 

 the ureter. The unlikeness of Camper's figure to our dissection 

 is extreme. 



The bladder presents no remarkable features. The orifices of 

 the ureters were seven-eighths of an inch apart ^ (in our young 

 elephant), and the orifice of the urethra was about two inches dis- 

 tant from them. The ureters lie for about an inch between the 

 coats of the bladder. In the young female the urethra is about 

 an inch long, opening on the front of the uro-genital canal close 

 to the proper vagina. 



^ In Dr "Watson's example the two ureters were separated by a distance of 3^ 

 inches, and lay for 2| inches in the wall of the bladder. 



